Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

1. Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections Unit 6

2. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples: • The book is on the table. • The book is beneath the table. • The book is leaning against the table. • The book is beside the table. • She held the book over the table. • She read the book during class.

3. The puppy is on the floor. • The puppy is in the trashcan. • The puppy is beside the phone.

4. The Most Common Prepositions Are "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."

5. (Mine eyes have seen the glory. . .) Read downward by columns. aboard among beside for about around between from above at beyond in across before by into after behind down like against below during of along beneath except off (Next slide when sing off.)

6. (Glory, glory, halleluiah. . .) Read downward by columns. over to underneath with past toward until within since under up without through upon throughout (Next slide when sing without.)

7. (Second Verse-Glory, glory, halleluiah. . .) Prepositions come in phrases. The phrases always end in objects.Prepositions never work alone, or they’re called adverbs! Posted Wed Aug 9 06:36:18 PDT 2000 by Anne Moran (teachmoran6@aol.com). Ursuline Academy, Wilmington, DE

8. Prepositions • A preposition is a word that links a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a sentence. • Prepositions answer the questions Where? Or When? The boy by the window is French. • The word by in the sentence above is a preposition. By shows the relationship of the word boy to the noun window.

9. Commonly Used Prepositions

10. Compound Prepositions • A preposition can consist of more than one word making it a compound preposition. Jasmine will visit Trinidad instead of Jamaica.

11. Compound Prepositions

12. Prepositional Phrase • A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. The painting near you is by a Brazilian artist. • The sentence had two prepositional phrases, near you and by a Brazilian artist

13. Grammar Tip • A preposition is always the first word in a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases always include a noun or pronoun object.

14. Identify the prepositions in the following sentences. • You can think about a sport as an athletic game or a test of skill. • about, of • Sports can be a source of diversion for those who play or observe them. • of, for

15. Sports have existed for various purposes since the times of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. • for, since, of • The ancient Egyptians swam, raced, wrestled, and played games with sticks and round objects. • with At first, the ancient Greeks held athletic contests in honor of the gods or in thanksgiving to them. • At, in, of, in, to

16. Identify the compound prepositions in the following sentences. • The games provided entertainment, in addition to having religious significance. • in addition to • According to historians, the games were a vital part of ancient Greek civilization. • According to

17. Eventually, professional athletes played in place of volunteer citizens. • in place of • Because of the importance of the games, winners were treated as heroes. • Because of Warring city-states sometimes called a truce due to the games. • due to

18. State the prepositional phrase/s you find in each sentence. Identify the object of each preposition. • In Rome, games took place at the beginning of each year. • In Rome, at the beginning, of each year • At first, the public treasury provided funds for the events. • At first, for the events

19. Corrupt politicians later tried winning the support of the people by lavishly spending excessive amounts of money on the games. • of the people, of money, on the games • These politicians held games on the slightest pretext so that they could compete for the favor of the public. • on the slightest pretext, for the favor, of the public Over time, athletic events lost their original religious meaning and purpose among the people. • Over time, among the people

20. Distinguishing Between Prepositions and Adverbs • Some words can be either prepositions or adverbs depending how they are used • A preposition must have an object and be part of a prepositional phrase • An adverb modifies a verb and has no object

21. Adverb answers the question Where?When? In what way? Or To what extent? Remember! Adverbs modifies a verb and has no object. Preposition or Adverb The ball flew past third base. - preposition, base is the object of the preposition

22. Preposition or Adverb • The umpire ran past quickly. - adverb, answers the question Where? referring to the verb ran • Please come inside soon. • adverb, answers the question Where? referring to the verb come • They sat inside the dugout. • preposition, dugout is the object of the preposition

23. Grammar Tip • To distinguish between a preposition and an adverb, students can try rewriting the sentence so that the preposition is part of a prepositional phrase. If they can do this, the preposition is not an adverb: I am the one the baseball belongs to. The baseball belongs to me.

24. State if the underlined word is an adverb or a preposition. • We have learned a lot about the games. • preposition • They were celebrated over the summer every four years. • preposition

25. Each city-state brought along its best athletes. • adverb • The athletes walked about, waiting to be called. • adverb • Some stood in lines along the edge of the arena. • preposition

26. In each of the following pairs of sentences, one sentence contains a word used as a preposition, and the other contains the same word used as and adverb. Identify if the word is used as a preposition and state the object of the preposition. OR Identify if the word is used as a adverb and state the verb.

27. In modern baseball, an umpire stands behind home plate. • Behind preposition, plate • A single strikeout can cause one team to win a game or to fall behind. • Behind adverb, fall

28. At a night game, the lights are turned on. • on: adverb, turned • The pitcher stands on the mound. • on: preposition, mound • The players warm up before the game. • before: preposition, game • They’ve practiced the skills many times before. • before: adverb, practiced

29. Prepositional Phrases used as Adjectives Phrases phrase – a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech • phrases do not contain a subject and verb adjective phrase – a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one

30. Adjective The New Mexican climate is warm. Adjective Phrase The climate of New Mexico is warm. An adjective phrase usually follows its noun or pronoun.

31. Adjective The blue-eyed acrobat slipped and fell. Adjective Phrase The acrobat with the blue eyes slipped and fell.

32. A temple of great size stands here. The prepositional phrase of great size modifies the subject of the sentence, temple. I noticed some men with heavy suitcases. The prepositional phrase with heavy suitcases describes a noun in the predicate, men.

33. Prepositional Phrases used as Adverbs Phrases adverb phrase – a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb adverb phrases point out where, when, in which way, or to what extent

36. Adverb The bus left late. Put the package there. Adverb Phrase The bus left after a two-hour delay. Put the package in the closet.

37. Grammar Tip • One helpful way to differentiate between adverbs and adjectives is to remember that adverbs modify the words that adjectives don’t: verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

38. Identify each prepositional phrase and state whether it is an adjective phrase or an adverb phrase. Most people in Japan follow the traditional customs of their country. • in Japan—adjective phrase • of their country—adjective phrase The Japanese traditionally bow on certain occasions. • on certain occasions—adverb phrase

39. They show great respect for their elders. • for their elders—adjective phrase Throughout their history the Japanese have also loved beauty. • Throughout their history—adverb phrase Their gardens are models of grace and delicacy. • of grace and delicacy—adjective phrase

40. Japanese gardens are exceptional in their harmony. • in their harmony—adverb phrase Artificial and natural elements blend together in their gardens. • in their gardens—adverb phrase Soft woven mats cover the floors of many Japanese homes. • of many Japanese homes—adjective phrase

41. Conjunctions conjunction • connects words or groups of words • links words and ideas Conjunctions act like the cement between bricks. Words such as and, as, and when connect individual words or groups of words. They are the “cement” of sentences.

42. Conjunctions fall into three groups: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.

43. Coordinating Conjunctions • connect words of the same kind, such as two or more nouns or verbs • can connect larger groups of words, such as prepositional phrases or even entire sentences • and, for, or, yet, but, nor, so

44. In the following examples, the coordinating conjunctions are bolded. The words they connect are italicized. Connecting Nouns: My cousin and his wife left yesterday for a trip to Washington, D.C. Connecting Verbs: They printed out directions butforgot to bring them.

45. Connecting Prepositional Phrases: Put the luggage on the doorstep orin the garage. Connecting Two Sentences: Our family wanted to go the White House but we decided to go to the Capital first.

46. http://www.travelsd.com/placestogo/rushmore/ Critical Viewing: What thoughts come to mind when you view this photograph of Mount Rushmore? Link two thoughts with and and two others with but.

47. Correlative Conjunctions • Connect the same kinds of words or groups of words as do coordinating conjunctions, but correlative conjunctions are used in pairs. both . . . and neither . . . nor whether . . . or either . . . or not only . . . but also

48. Connecting Nouns: We have seen both the Hoover Damand the Grand Canyon Dam. Connecting Pronouns: Eitheryouor I will be the leader on the trail. Connecting Verbs: The sick hiker would neithereator drink.

49. Connecting Prepositional Phrases: We hiked slowly, whether in a large group orby ourselves. Connecting Two Sentences: Not only are the Sierra Mountains rugged, but they are also beautiful.

50. Identify the coordinating conjunction in each sentence and the words or groups of words connected by the conjunction. The Arlington National Cemetery is a historic burial place, and it is reserved for soldiers. There are more than 240,000 graves, yet there is room for more.