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Other Reformations

Other Reformations. Switzerland. Rugged geography conducive to decentralized politics Main export: mercenaries Thirteen cantons in a loose federation. Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531). Zurich preacher with humanist background Reached conclusions similar to Luther’s independently

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Other Reformations

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  1. Other Reformations

  2. Switzerland • Rugged geography conducive to decentralized politics • Main export: mercenaries • Thirteen cantons in a loose federation

  3. Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) • Zurich preacher with humanist background • Reached conclusions similar to Luther’s independently • Began preaching directly from N.T. • 1524 – Zurich magistrates abolish Mass

  4. Marburg Colloquy (1529) • Efforts to unite Lutherans and Zwinglians • Impasse over the Eucharist • Luther – consubstantiation • Zwingli – purely symbolic • Attempt at unity failed

  5. Swiss Politics • During the 1520s, a majority of the cantons became Protestant • 10/1531 – fighting breaks out; Zwingli killed in battle • Peace of Kappel (11/20/1531) – each canton chooses religion; Catholic minorities tolerated • Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) succeeded Zwingli as Protestant leader

  6. Anabaptists • Conrad Grebel (1498-1526) • Zurich citizen • Rejected civil authority in religious affairs (1523) • Rejected infant baptism (1525) • Strong antinomian streak • 1526 – Zurich makes rebaptism capital crime • Opponents linked them with Peasant Revolt

  7. Anabaptists • Schleitheim Statement (1527) • Baptism for repentant adults (not for remission) • No communion for unbaptized • Baptized to separate themselves from evil world • No arms-bearing or oath-taking • Munster Incident – Jan of Leiden (1534-1536) • Menno Simons (1496-1561) and pacifism

  8. Persecution of Anabaptists

  9. John Calvin (1509-1564) • Frenchman with legal and humanistic training • Became a Protestant in early 1530s • Fled France, wound up in Basel • 1536 – Institutes of the Christian Religion

  10. John Calvin (1509-1564) • Theology • Sovereignty of God • “Spiritual” presence in Eucharist • Obedience to God’s law, individually and socially • Doctrine of the “lesser magistrates”

  11. Calvin in Geneva • 1536 – Calvin is asked to help reform • Pushed for church oversight and discipline of flock • Church works with State to reform • Michael Servetus Case (1553)

  12. Spread of Calvinism • Theodore Beza (1516-1605) and the Genevan Academy • French Huguenots • John Knox (1505-1572) and Scotland • The Netherlands • American colonies

  13. England: Henry VIII (1509-1547) • Catherine of Aragon vs. Anne Boleyn • Consequences of Reformation • Marital succession • Wolsey out, Cromwell in • Head of the church • Dissolution of the Monasteries

  14. Edward VI (1547-1553) • Regency government • “Calvinized” the Church of England • New English liturgy: Book of Common Prayer • Died at age 15

  15. “Bloody Mary” (1553-1558) • Restoration of Romanism • Persecution of Protestants; “fires of Smithfield” • Marriage to Philip II

  16. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) • “Virgin Queen” • Act of Uniformity • Book of Common Prayer • Thirty-Nine Articles • Catholics, Puritans and the via media • Excommunication by pope, assassination attempts

  17. The Catholic Reformation • New mysticism • Saint Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582) • Religious orders (Capuchins, Theatines, Ursulines) • Society of Jesus, 1540 • Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) • The Spiritual Exercises • Absolute obedience • Francis Xavier (1506-1552)

  18. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Catholicsand Protestants in Europe in 1560

  19. Revived Papacy • Pope Paul III, 1534-1549 • Reform commission • Recognized the Jesuits • Council of Trent • Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559 • Inquisition • Council of Trent, 1545-1563 • Doctrinal issues • Division between moderates and conservatives • Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings • Theological seminaries

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