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Understanding Physics: Vectors, Scalars, and Units

Delve into the definitions and distinctions between vectors and scalars, exploring important units in physics such as distance, velocity, acceleration, mass, time, force, and more.

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Understanding Physics: Vectors, Scalars, and Units

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  1. Vector, Scalar and Units Review

  2. Vector vs. Scalar • Definitions: • Vectors are any quantity in physics that can be characterized by both its magnitude and direction. • Scalars are any quantity in physics that can be characterized by magnitude only.

  3. What is Magnitude? • To keep is simple, magnitude can be thought of the value associated with a vector or scalar quantity. • Ex. A boy runs 100 meters in the northerly direction in 20 seconds. What is the magnitude of his average velocity? • Ans. Note: magnitude is the value 5 m/s, which is also the scalar component of the velocity vector. In this example, it is the speed.

  4. d • Stands for? • Displacement or distance • The Units are? • meters (m) • Displacement is a vector quantity. • Distance is a scalar quantity.

  5. v • Stands for? • Velocity or speed • The Units are? • meters per second (m/s) • Velocity is a vector quantity. • Speed is a scalar quantity, and is the magnitude of the velocity vector.

  6. a, ac • Stands for? • Acceleration • ac represents centripetal acceleration, which is an inward directed acceleration that applies to objects moving in circular paths. • The Units are? • meters per second2 (m/s2) • Acceleration is a vector quantity.

  7. m • Stands for? • mass • The Units are? • kilograms (kg) • Mass is a scalar quantity.

  8. t • Stands for? • time • The Units are? • seconds (s) • Time is a scalar quantity.

  9. F, Fg, Fe • Stands for? • Force • Fg = mg, is the force due to gravity or weight. • Fe is an electrostatic force. • The Units are? • Newtons (N) • Force is a vector quantity

  10. p • Stands for? • Momentum = mv • The Units are? • Kilogram-meter per second (kgm/s) • momentum is a vector quantity.

  11. J • Stands for? • Impulse = Ft • The Units are? • Newton-second (Ns) • Impulse is a vector quantity.

  12. r • Stands for? • Radial distance between two points or objects. • The Units are? • meters (m) • r is a scalar quantity

  13. E • Stands for? • Electric Field Intensity or Strength. • The Units are? • N/C (F/q) • V/m (V/d) • Electric Field Intensity is a vector quantity.

  14. q • Stands for? • Charge • Units are? • Coulombs (C) • Alternate symbol representation: • Q or e • Charge is a scalar quantity.

  15. I • Stands for? • Current (Flow of positive charge). • Units are? • Amperes (A) • Current is a scalar quantity

  16. V • Stands for? • Volts / Voltage / Potential Difference / Electric Potential • The Units are? • Volts • Electric Potential is a scalar quantity.

  17. R • Stands for? • Resistance (An electrical property of a material that is a measure of the resistance to flow of electrons in relation to an electrical potential.) • The Units are? • Ohms (Ω) • Resistance is a scalar quantity.

  18. • Stands for? • Resistivity (A natural property of a material that is a measure of the resistance to the flow of electrons.) • The Units are? • Ωm

  19. A • Stands for? • Cross-sectional area (of a conductor). • The Units are? • m2

  20. L • Stands for? • Length (of a conductor). • The Units are? • m

  21. E • May also be represented by U or W • Stands for? • Energy • The Units are? • Joules (J) • Energy is a scalar quantity.

  22. W • Stands for? • Work • The Units are? • Joules (J) • Work is a scalar quantity.

  23. P • Stands for? • Power • The Units are? • Watts (W) • Joule per second (J/s) • Power is a scalar quantity.

  24. B • Stands for? • Magnetic Field Intensity. • The Units are? • Tesla (T) • Magnetic Field Intensity is a vector quantity.

  25. c • Stands for? • Speed of light • The Units are? • m/s • The Value is? • 3.0 x 108 m/s

  26. f • Stands for? • Frequency (The number of waves that pass a point in space per unit of time.) • The Units are? • Hertz (Hz), cycles/second, or (1/s) • Frequency is a scalar quantity.

  27. T • Stands for? • Period (The time required for a wave to complete 1 cycle, or one wavelength.) • The Units are? • Seconds (s) • The period is a scalar quantity.

  28. λ • Stands for? • Wavelength (The distance at which a wave will repeat the same pattern over again.) • The Units are? • Meters (m) • Wavelength is a scalar quantity

  29. n • Stands for? • Index of refraction (property of a material that is used to determine both the speed of light in that material and the amount that the light will bend.) • Quantum energy level. • The Units are? • None

  30. θi, θr, θ1, θ2 • Stands for? • Angle of incidence (θi) • Angle of reflection (θr) • Angle of incidence (θ1) • Angle of refraction (θ2) • All angles are relative to a normal to the surface.

  31. h • Stands for? • Planck's Constant • The Units are? • Joule • second (J.s) • The value is: • 6.626 x 10-34 J.s

  32. k • Stands for? • Electrostatic constant • The Units are? • Newtons • meters2 / Coulombs2 (Nm2/C2) • The Value is: • 8.99 x 109 Nm2/C2

  33. e • Stands for? • Elementary charge • Charge on a proton or electron • The Units are? • Coulombs (C) • The Value is: • 1.6 x 10-19 C

  34. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Distance / Displacement d meters m Time t seconds s Velocity / Speed v meters / second m/s Acceleration a meters / second2 m/s2 Kinematics

  35. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Force F Newton N (kg·m/s2) Net Force Fnet = ma Newton N (kg·m/s2) Normal Force FN or N Newton N (kg·m/s2) Tensional Force FTor T Newton N (kg·m/s2) Weight / Gravitational Force Fg or W = mg Newton N (kg·m/s2) Friction Ff Newton N (kg·m/s2) Centripetal Force Fc = mv2/r Newton N (kg·m/s2) Forces Coefficient of Friction

  36. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Work W = Fd Joule or Newton - meter J or Nm Potential Energy PE Joule J Kinetic Energy KE = ½mv2 Joule J Internal Energy / Heat Q Joule J Power P Watt W or J/s Momentum P = mv Kilogram-meter/second kg∙m/s Impulse J = Ft Newton-second N∙s Spring Constant k Newton/meter N/m or kg/s2 Work & Energy

  37. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Electrostatic Force Fe Newton N Electric Field Intensity E Newtons/Coulomb Volts/Meter N/C V/m Charge Q, q Coulombs C Electrostatics

  38. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Current I Amperes A Voltage / Potential Difference / Electric Potent. V Volts V Resistance R Ohms  Resistivity  Ohm – meter m Cross-sectional Area A Meters2 m2 Length L Meters m Power P Watts Joules/second W J/s Energy E Joules J Work W Joules J Current Electricity

  39. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Magnetic Field Intensity B Tesla T Magnetism

  40. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Speed v Meters/second m/s Speed of Light c Meters/second m/s Wavelength  Meters m Frequency f Hertz (Hz) 1/seconds 1/s Period T Time (seconds) s Waves

  41. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Index of Refraction n None Angle of Incidence i, or 1 Degrees / Radians o, Rad Angle of Reflection r Degrees / Radians o, Rad Angle of Refraction 2 Degrees / Radians o, Rad Light & Optics

  42. Name Symbol Unit Name Symbol Planck’s Constant h 6.626 E-34 J.s Electrostatic Constant k 8.99 E9 N.m2/C2 The elementary Charge e 1.6 E-19 C Constants

  43. Vector or Scalar?

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