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Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke”

Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke”. Different behavior and pathology in different hosts. Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke”. Deer and Elk (normal hosts)—Liver migration, then matures in thin-walled fibrous cysts connected with bile ducts. (Well tolerated; eggs shed in feces). .

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Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke”

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  1. Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke” • Different behavior and pathology in different hosts.

  2. Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke” • Deer and Elk (normal hosts)—Liver migration, then matures in thin-walled fibrous cysts connected with bile ducts. (Well tolerated; eggs shed in feces).

  3. Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke” • Cattle, bison and swine—Liver migration, then encapsulation in thick-walled, closed cysts and no eggs are shed!

  4. Fascioloides magna “Giant Deer Fluke” • Sheep and goats: extensive, uninterrupted hepatic migration with out encapsulation; usually fatal; 1 fluke can kill a sheep or goat!

  5. Pathology • Pathology in C. sinensis and D. dendriticum: distended bile ducts and erosion of epithelium lining, but no secondary pathology like in F. hepatica!

  6. Treatment • Preziquantel (except for F. hepatica). • Rafoxanide: is the drug of choice for F. hepatica!

  7. Diagnosis • Look for eggs in feces! • But hard to diagnose (why?). • SPURIOUS INFECTIONS!

  8. Aquatic Vegetation Water Chestnuts

  9. Pickled Fish

  10. Digestive Tract Trematodes

  11. Fasciolopsis buski • Order: Echinostomatiformes • Humans, pigs • Orient • Large (7.5 cm) • Life cycle similar to Fasciola

  12. Pathology and Symptoms • Severity depends on worm burden • Irritation • Excess mucous secretion • Ulceration, hemorrhage, Abscess • Obstruction • Chronic diarrhea • Sensitization to worm metabolites • Leukocytosis • Anemia • Eosinophilia • Nausea/diarrhea • Edema of face and intestinal wall • Death

  13. Treatment • Praziquantel

  14. Epidemiology • Who gets infected? • Rural to semi-urban areas • School age children • Prevalence • 57% China • 25% Taiwan • 50% Bangladesh • 60% India • 10% Thailand

  15. Epidemiology • How do you get fasciolopsiasis? • Ingest metacercariae • Commercially raised aquatic plants Water chestnut • Water caltrop • Water hyacinth • Water lotus • Water lily • Watercress

  16. Epidemiology • Lack of regulation on food industry • Food preparation • Sanitation (sewage) • Night soil • Pigs • Habitat • Food

  17. Digestive Tract Trematodes • FAMILY ECHINOSTOMATIDAE - intestinal parasites recognized by their anterior collar of spines. • Echinostoma revolutum - Cosmopolitan parasite of birds and mammals– shows low host specificity • Human cases?

  18. Morphology of Adult Echinostoma revolutum Adults are elongate, up to an inch in length. Characteristic structure is: their circumoral collar of spines arranged in two rows. 37 spines in E. revolutum. Internal organs are distinct and easy to identify.

  19. Morphology of Adult Echinostoma revolutum Collar of spines around oral sucker uterus Vitellaria Testes Mehlis’ gland Ovary

  20. Life Cycle of Echinostoma revolutum Parasite shows low host specificity throughout cycle 1. Adults occur in birds and mammals. 2. Eggs are released via the feces into an aquatic habitat. 3. Miracidia hatch, swim to snail, and penetrate.

  21. Life Cycle of Echinostoma revolutum 4. Sporocysts and rediae occur within snail. Cercariae are released. 5. Cercariae penetrate (2nd intermediate hosts) and encyst as metacercariae. 6. Definitive host is infected by ingesting 2nd intermediate host, metacercariae excyst in stomach, and adults mature in small intestine.

  22. Order Plagiorchiformes • Family Troglotrematidae: these are oval thick flukes with a spiny tegument and dense vitellaria. • Parasites of lungs, intestine, nasal passages, cranial cavities, and various ectopic locations.

  23. Fish Eating Mammal (Birds) Salmonid fish Freshwater Snail Nanophyetus salmincola

  24. Nanophyetus salmincola • Northwest N. America • Northeast Asia • Crypts of the small intestine • Human infections • 98% prevalence in Siberian villages • Pathology

  25. Nanophyetus salmincola • Salmon poisoning • Highly pathogenic • Neorickettsia helminthoeca • Rickettsia • Intracellular bacterium • Typhus • Nanophyetus salmincola is a vector for Neorickettsia helminthoeca.

  26. Nanophyetus salmincola • Disease • High Fever • Edema of face • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Death in 10 days to 2 weeks.

  27. Lung Flukes • Paragonimus • bronchiolar lumen and peribronchial tissues • Antigenic • Become encapsulated • granuloma

  28. Paragonimiasis • Paragonimus • 7 species in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America • Paragonimus westermani

  29. Life cycle of Paragonimus

  30. Paragonimus cercaria

  31. Paragonimus westermani • 1st Int. Host • Freshwater snails • Streams • Rice paddies Melanoides tuberculata

  32. Paragonimus westermani • 2nd Int. Hosts: • Potamon • Rice Paddies • Eriocheir • Streams • Larvae develop in brackish water

  33. Paragonimus kellicotti • Crayfish serve as 2nd IH in North America. • Metacercariae are found in the heart.

  34. Paragonimus • A number of birds and mammals are know to serve as PH! • Guinea pigs are known to serve as PARATENIC HOSTS for Paraganimus spp. in South America!

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