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Fishbowl 4/17/18. Charles V and the Peace of Augsburg. Charles V: sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism in Europe Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism
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Charles V and the Peace of Augsburg • Charles V: sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism in Europe • Peace of Augsburg, 1555 • Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism • Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism • Resulted in the permanent religious division of Germany Not to be confused with • Treaty of Westphalia (30 years War, 1648): • Ended of Wars of Religion • France emerged as Europe’s most powerful country • Calvinism added to the Peace of Augsburg • Holy Roman Empire effectively destroyed • Independence for the Netherlands and Switzerland • Prussia emerges as a great power
Revolutions of 1830- Not as important as 1848 • Revolutions of 1830: sparked by wave of liberalism and nationalism • France: July Revolution (1830): • A radical revolt in Paris forced the reactionary King Charles X to abdicate his throne. • Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848) of Orleans family became new king under a constitutional monarchy; known as the “Bourgeoisie King” • France now controlled by upper-middle class Bourgeoisie bankers and businessmen (in effect, a return to narrow liberalism of 1815) • Impact of July Revolution: sparked a wave of revolutions throughout Europe • Italy (1831-32) • Northern Italy—Modena, Parma, and Papal States—saw outbreaks of liberal discontent. • Italian nationalists called unification. • Guiseppe Mazzini (1805-72) and his secret revolutionary society—Young Italy. • The Carbonari: secret nationalist societies advocated force to achieve national unification. • Austrian troops under Metternich’s enforcement of the Concert of Europe’s philosophy crushed the disorganized revolutionaries. • Italian Risorgimento (“resurgence” of the Italian spirit) continued—Mazzini’s dream.
Revolutions of 1830 continued • Germany (1830-1833) • Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 had effectively restricted freedom throughout Germany. • The July Revolution inspired German university students and professors to lead street demonstrations that forced temporary granting of constitutions in several minor states. • Yet, liberal and nationalistic desires for German unification were easily crushed by Metternich’s domination of the German Confederation (Bund), and his influence over Prussia. • Poland (1830-31) • Nicholas I crushed a nationalist uprising that challenged Russia’s historic domination of Poland. Warsaw to demonstrate his extreme conservatism in foreign policy. • The Organic Statute of 1832 declared Poland to be an integral part of the Russian empire. There were others, of course, but these should be enough examples
Revolutions of 1848 • Revolutions of 1848 – considered the watershed political event of the 19th century. • 1848 revolutions influenced by romanticism, nationalism, liberalism and socialism, as well as economic dislocation and instability. • Only Britain and Russia avoided significant upheaval • Neither liberals nor conservatives could gain a permanent upper hand. • Resulted in end of serfdom in Austria and Germany, universal male suffrage in France, parliaments established in German states (although controlled by princes & aristocrats), stimulated unification impulse in Prussia and Sardinia-Piedmont (Italy). • Last of the liberal revolutions dating back to the French Revolution
Italian Unification • After failed revolutions of 1848, unification movement shifted to Sardinia-Piedmont • Count Cavour (1810-1861) led the struggle for Italian unification via realpolitik • Prime minister who built Sardinia-Piedmont into a liberal and economically sound state • Cavour sought unity for the northern and central areas of Italy • 1855, joined in the Crimean War against Russia (gained an ally in France) • Plombiérès Agreement(1859): gained promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian-Piedmont war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom • Sardinia gained Lombardy, though France backed away from Plombiérès agreement • 1860, Cavour gained Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany into Sardinia-Piedmont • Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) liberated southern Italy and Sicily. • 1860, Garibaldi and his thousand Red Shirts took Naples and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Garibaldi allowed his conquests to be absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmont • February 1861, Victor Emmanuel declared King of Italy (Rome and Venice still independent) • 1866, Venice incorporated into the Italian Kingdom as a result of an alliance with Bismarck • 1871, Rome captured by Italian troops and became capital of Kingdom of Italy
German Unification • During period after 1815 Prussia emerged as an alternative to a Habsburg-based (Austrian) Germany • Otto von Bismarck (1810-1898) led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern (The Kaiser’s family name) Germany • Junker heritage; quintessential example of Machiavellian politician (realpolitik) • “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches …but by blood and iron.” • Phase 1: Prussian-Danish War, 1863: Germany defeated Denmark and took Schleswig and Holstein • Jointly administered by Prussia and Austria but conflicts over jurisdiction resulted in a war • Phase 3: Austro-Prussian War (German Civil War), 1866 • Bismarck made diplomatic preparations for war with Austria by negotiating with France, Italy, and Russia for noninterference • Prussia defeated Austria and unified much of Germany without Austria • 1867, North German Confederation established by Bismarck; King Wilhelm I as president • Included all German states except Baden, Wurttemberg, Bavaria, and Saxony • Phase 4: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) • Ems Dispatch: To provoke war, Bismarck boasted a French diplomat had been kicked out of Germany after requesting William I not interfere with the succession to the Spanish throne • Bismarck used the war with France to bring southern Germany into the N. German Confed. • May 1871, Alsace and Lorraine ceded by France to Germany • The German Empire proclaimed on January 18, 1871 (most powerful nation in Europe) • Wilhelm I became the Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm) • Bismarck became the Imperial Chancellor.