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Flood Resilient Low Cost Housing Practices in Pakistan. Ghulam Mustafa Zaor , Chief Services Executive- HANDS. National Workshop on Affordable Housing March 9, 2019. Background. Housing Rights; Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Flood Resilient Low Cost Housing Practices in Pakistan Ghulam Mustafa Zaor, Chief Services Executive- HANDS National Workshop on Affordable Housing March 9, 2019
Background • Housing Rights; • Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Resilient housing is in lined with the Sendai Framework’s priority areas 3 and 4 • Article 11.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) clearly emphasizing & recognizing the right of everyone to an adequate housing and to the continuous improvement of living conditions • Article 38 D of Constitution of Pakistan under Promotion of social and economic wellbeing of the people recognize that housing is basic necessity of life and state is responsible to provide irrespective of sex, caste, creed or race, as are permanently or temporary unable to earn their livelihood on account of infirmity, sickness or unemployment.
Background • The backlog of housing units has exceeded 9 million • It is estimated that the need for 400,000 units are added to it every year. • Back in 2005, the then federal government had come up with an ambitious ‘housing for all’ plan backed by a comprehensive policy framework to make it a reality. But like many other ambitious plans this too remained unexecuted. • According to the report of State Bank of Pakistan;
Background • 50% families lives in one-room tenements, their family members ranging between 8 to 15; • Urban centers are growing at a rate of nearly 5 per cent as against the national growth rate of 2.4 per cent; • In cities like Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Hyderabad and Faisalabad, there is a phenomenal increase in the number of katchiabadis and the government is not able to meet the increasing demand for land, especially for the low-income groups;
Background • The highest frequency of floods and heavy rains have been observed in recent times during 1992, 1995, 2010, 2011 and 2012 • 3.0 million houses damaged/ affected (PDMA Sindh) • Huge loss nearly 1,000 billion inflicted on public infrastructures Overall, 20 million people, almost half of Sindh’s was affected / displaced
Background • A team of Shelter Experts Deployed by HANDS to find out the causes of damages • Teams worked in South Sindh, Northern Sindh & South Punjab • 6 districts in South Sindh, 4 Districts in Northern Sindh, 1 district in Balochistan & 2 districts in South Punjab were selected for the village level assessment
Findings • Houses were constructed without foundations or improper foundations • There was no backfill or toe wall construction practice • Thin walls construction with improper alignment • Heavy roof screeds; practice of placing the new roof screeds on regular bases & multiple thick mud layers over the roofs • No ring beams placed by the communities to bear and distribute the roof load uniformly onto the walls • No roof projections been observed to save external part of the shelter • Fully mud shelters and partially mud shelters were dissolved under stagnant water • Shelters were constructed without proper designs, load calculations • Heavy wooden beams and rafters were main cause of damages in flood situations • Untrained Masons
HANDS Intervention • Considering the local context and practices, use of locally available and indigenous construction material was ensured. Different typologies of shelters were constructed including; • Lime Stabilized Mud Structure • Lime Stabilized Adobe Brick/ Block Structure • Fired Brick Structure with Stabilized Mortars, Renders/ Plasters • Loh Kath/ Wooden Structure with Stabilized Renders/ Plasters • Chora Structure • Stone Masonry Structure with Stabilized elements • CC Block Structure
Build Back Better • Raised Floors: To protect shelter from floods, subject to the high flood level of the area • Backfill/ Toe Walls: To protect shelter from lateral water pressure/ thrust of water in floods situation • Ring Beams: To avoid point load and to distribute the load of roof uniformly onto the walls • Roof Projections: To protect external renders from direct rains • Low weight Gabbles: To protect shelter walls from risk of damages due to exceed of heights • Horizontal Bends: To distribute shelter walls into different parts so that losses can be minimized and can be protected from EQ Shakes • Use of Lime: To stabilize local soil subject to the field level soil testing • Utilization of Local Flexible Materials: The risks of natural disasters can be reduced by using natural materials
Shelter for South Sindh Loh Kath Shelter Model with Stabilized Renders and Plasters Loh Kath Prototype Constructed in Thatta
Shelter for Sindh and South Punjab Prototype Constructed in TandoAllahyar Lime Stabilized Soil/ Mud Shelter
Shelter for Northern Part of the Country Stone Masonry Shelter with Stabilized Mortars, Renders and Plasters CC Block Shelter with Stabilized Renders and Plasters
Details of Shelters • No of Shelter constructed 84,000 • Number of Project 41 • Number of Districts 30 • Total Amount Rs. 2.4 Billion • The Per Shelter Cost varied depending on Projects, range from minimum of Rs. 20,000.0 to maximum of Rs. 285,000.0 • The average/overall Per Shelter Cost was Rs.28,528.0
Advantages of Techniques • Community Driven • Construction process promote transferring of knowledge & climate change adaptation • Low Cost and affordable • Each ORS incorporate vernacular construction practices improved with DRR measures • Construction period is greatly reduced • These Materials substitute use of Cement • Ensures natural bondage with soil • ORS can also be expanded as per HHs requirements & needs
Conclusions • More than 50% success of shelter programs depends upon the community acceptance, so shelter programs should be beneficiary led • Community engagement increases the transparency and accountability among user and service provider • Choice of beneficiaries is important, single choice of any typology may create risk for ownership at user level • Masson training is the key for replication of safer shelter construction techniques • Community acceptance prevails for climate change adaptation techniques like DRR in shelter construction • Natural materials design mixes can provide hydraulicity to that structure which can survive in floods/ EQ • Reuse of construction materials reduce the costs of shelters • Use of Lime and other natural materials helps to reduce CO2 and promotes better living environments and good health
