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FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900)

1st RR’s in Brit  Profits. Dev. Contin. interiors. Serious shortage of horses. More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. . Medi . & agr . advances raise stand. of living. More people can afford consumer goods. Need to expand steam engine’s versatility.

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FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900)

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  1. 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Dev. Contin. interiors Serious shortage of horses More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Can feed once isolated areas 1st working locomotive (1804) Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Efforts to create steam locomotive FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  2. FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110)
  3. Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Need to do what with steam engine? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110)
  4. Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Known as?
  5. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110)
  6. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Need stronger iron for what? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110)
  7. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Process & what else it made possible? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Coalbrookedale bridge, built in 1780, was 45 feet high with a span of 100 feet and demonstrated dramatically the potential of the new cheaper iron being produced.
  8. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Impact on horses? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  9. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  10. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive Efforts to create? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  11. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  12. Nicholas Cugnot’s 3-wheeled steam car which he successfully tested in Paris in 1769. Unfortunately, he pushed it too hard (to 9 MPH). It then blew up & Cugnot was jailed as a madman.
  13. - Sun & planet gear Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  14. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  15. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  16. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  17. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  18. Stationary steam engines were an early method for hauling loads up steep inclines until locomotives became more powerful. One such engine was used on the last leg of the Charleston-Hamburg line in South Carolina.
  19. Another issue was wheel design. There were two competing designs: flanged wheels that overlapped the top of a flat rail and flat wheels kept on the rail by an L-shaped rail. Flanged wheels with the treads coned down to the outside managed curves better because the momentum of the turn would shift the outer wheel, which has a greater distance to travel, to its larger diameter compared to the inner wheel that has shifted correspondingly to its smaller diameter. Therefore, one rotation of the “larger” outer wheel will take that wheel farther than one rotation of the “smaller” inner wheel, thus compensating for the greater distance to travel on that curve.
  20. Coupling Railroad Cars Together Early train cars were joined with chains that jerked passenger’s necks until the more stable link-and-pin coupler was adopted from the U.S. However, railroad workers had to manually put in or lift out the pins to couple or uncouple the cars, running the risk of getting a hand crushed if the train moved as they guided the link into the socket of the second train car. One side effect of the injuries caused by the link-and-pin system of coupling was the increased development and availability of prosthetic limbs. Companies that manufactured prosthetic limbs especially advertised in railroad journals and would list of all the railroads that had purchased their products. In 1873, the more efficient and automatic Janney coupler was patented, which automatically coupled and uncoupled the cars. This saved a lot of railroad workers’ limbs, but didn’t help business for prosthetic limb companies.
  21. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  22. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106)
  23. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br*** Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Miles of track in 1830? Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  24. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Miles of track in 1840? Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  25. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Miles of track in 1850?
  26. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  27. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Miles of track in 1890?
  28. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  29. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Miles of track in US?
  30. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Miles of track in Russia by 1900?
  31. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  32. European railroads in 1850?
  33. European Railroads up to 1820
  34. European Railroads up to 1940
  35. Passenger Accommodations on early trains
  36. Early railroad stations
  37. Early railroad passengers
  38. If dinosaurs had railroads, maybe they could have taken an express train to escape that comet.
  39. The hazards of train travel (especially in dark tunnels) included mischievous conductors, drunks, thieves, and “mashers” who would steal kisses from unsuspecting women.
  40. Another hazard of train travel included card sharks whose trickster ways bilked many an innocent passenger of his carrying cash.
  41. Although less heralded than the revolution in overland transportation brought by railroads, the application of steam power to ships triggered a parallel revolution in water transportation, making it faster and more reliable.
  42. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  43. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  44. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  45. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  46. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  47. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  48. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  49. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  50. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) Serious shortage of horses Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers 1st working locomotive (1804) Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Growing government involvement in: Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  51. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) Serious shortage of horses Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers 1st working locomotive (1804) Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Growing government involvement in: Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  52. 1870 traveller’s guide. In the 1850s, the Illinois Central was the longest RR in the world.
  53. Government funding of railroads in the Western US took the form of land-grants in a checkerboard pattern giving railroads half the land (red plots) and selling the others (blue) to private companies and individuals. This prevented the railroads from controlling an entire area while encouraging sale of their plots to private companies and citizens who wanted to control solid blocs of territory.
  54. Cartoon protesting the growing economic interdependence caused by railroads
  55. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade ***- Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) Location of RR’s Funding of RR’s Standard gauges & safety measures Growing government involvement in: Efforts to create steam locomotive 1st working locomotive (1804) Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need to expand steam engine’s versatility 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Serious shortage of horses FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) You need standard safety so you don’t run into….
  56. …this…
  57. A stupid train wreck (10/22/1895) at Gare du Montparnasse in Paris …or this
  58. …or this
  59. A giant mechanical tarantula which nearly prevented the completion of the trans-continental railroad and kidnapped President Grant. Despite the photo’s fuzzy quality, it is still a remarkable testament to advances both in early color photography and giant mechanical tarantula technology of the mid-1800s
  60. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) Serious shortage of horses Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers 1st working locomotive (1804) Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Growing government involvement in: Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  61. A scheme of the growth of Louisiana railroads up to the bank crash of 1837 New Orleans
  62. A scheme of the growth of Louisiana railroads up to the bank crash of 1837 New Orleans
  63. A scheme of the growth of Louisiana railroads up to the bank crash of 1837 New Orleans
  64. A scheme of the growth of Louisiana railroads up to the bank crash of 1837 New Orleans
  65. A scheme of the growth of Louisiana railroads up to the bank crash of 1837 New Orleans
  66. A scheme of the growth of Louisiana railroads in the 1850s New Orleans
  67. A scheme of the growth of Louisiana railroads in the 1850s New Orleans
  68. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive Settlement of? 1st working locomotive (1804) Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Standard gauges & safety measures Growing government involvement in: FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  69. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive Who could be fed? 1st working locomotive (1804) Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Standard gauges & safety measures Growing government involvement in: FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  70. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Efforts to create steam locomotive Grow what kind of crops? 1st working locomotive (1804) Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Standard gauges & safety measures Growing government involvement in: FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  71. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Growing government involvement in: Efforts to create steam locomotive Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops 1st RR’s in Brit Profits FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116)
  72. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: What can more people do when they have more $ and goods are cheaper? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  73. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: Impact on Production? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  74. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: More prod  Jobs? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  75. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: More prod Jobs  Econ? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  76. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: More prod Jobs $ in ec.  Sales? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  77. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: More prod Jobs $ in ec. Sales  ? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  78. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) Can grow cash crops Dev. Contin. interiors More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Serious shortage of horses Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers 1st working locomotive (1804) 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Growing government involvement in: Efforts to create steam locomotive FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Technology?
  79. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) 1st working locomotive (1804) More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Efforts to create steam locomotive Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops Growing government involvement in: Medicine & agriculture? FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  80. - Sun & planet gear -Coach flips kill many -1 man in 9 such flips ->1st train fatality 1825- Rainhill trials: must haul 20T at 10mph-> Rocket won 1830- Maiden run: 8 trains each w/100 passengers - Propaganda vs. trains - RR expansion in Br - 95 miles (1830) -> 1500 (1840) -> 6600 (1850) - Eur. only 8k & US 9k - 1890- 20k in Br., 26k in Ger; 167k in US; 48k in Rus. (1900) Growth of French RRs - Centrally directed to Link Agr. S w/Ind. N - 3248km (1851) ->16,465km (1869) ->Cut transp cost 80% ->Increased overall trade, incl local trade - Avg Speed 40mph -> high of 60-70 - Record speed 112.5mph (1893) Efforts to create steam locomotive More prod  Jobs  $ in ec.  Sales  Etc. Medi. & agr. advances raise stand. of living More people can afford consumer goods Need to expand steam engine’s versatility Patent to convert oscillating to rotary motion in 1780s Need stronger iron to make stronger boilers Serious shortage of horses 1st RR’s in Brit Profits Rolling & puddling process  Cheap rails for RR’s Growing government involvement in: Standard gauges & safety measures Funding of RR’s Location of RR’s Shorter transp. time & cheaper rates Can feed once isolated areas Dev. Contin. interiors Can grow cash crops 1st working locomotive (1804) FC. 112 RAILROADS & THEIR IMPACT (c.1825-1900) James Watts’ more efficient steam engine (FC.110) Napoleonic Wars (FC.106) Rapid expansion of RR’s in Britain Spreads to other countries (FC.116) Virtual explosion of new inventions & tech (FC.117)
  81. The creation of time zones. Before high speed railway travel and telegraph communication, there was no real need or way to coordinate clocks over large distances. Instead, each town set its clocks based on when the sun was at its highest point over that town. Different towns’ clocks and watches would vary by a few minutes each when traveling east or west, but at such slow speeds, it didn’t matter. Springfield local time Decatur local time Champaign local time Danville local time
  82. However, in the 1800s, railroads wanted to create precise timetables for their passengers, which required coordinating clocks over long distances. Luckily, the telegraph could provide instantaneous communication for simultaneously setting clocks at 12 noon at different locations. On December 1, 1847, British railways established the first standard time zone for Britain, based on Greenwich Mean time, which had first been set as a standard nautical reference point in 1675.
  83. By 1855, 98% of Britain’s public clocks were based on Greenwich Mean Time, although the government didn’t officially establish this as the standard time until 1880. Some clocks from the time continued to have two minute hands, one for standard time and one for local time. Below: This clock in Bristol, England has two minute hands, one showing the time according to Brunel's Great Western Railway based in London and another showing local Bristol time, which is eleven minutes slower.
  84. In the US, things were a bit more complicated, since each railroad went by its own time, usually based on that railroad’s headquarters. Some stations had a different clock with a different time for each railroad serving that station. For instance, Pittsburgh’s main railroad station had six clocks with six different times. On November 18, 1883 the railroads inaugurated what constitute the current time zones in the U.S. for the railroad stations. Within a year 85% of the nation’s major cities were on standard time. In 1918 Congress passed the Standard Time Act, putting the whole nation on standard time zones.
  85. A single global time zone was proposed at the October 1884 at the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C., but its delegates didn’t feel they had the authority to impose it. Another idea, which was eventually adopted, was starting the day at midnight instead of noon. Below: In 1976, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi proposed a global system of 12 time zones so so that the “golden hue of Heaven on Earth will dawn with the sunrise in every time zone, and every nation will enjoy a greater good fortune day by day, around the year, around the globe.”
  86. By 1929, most nations had adopted a standard system for twenty-four hourly time zones, roughly occurring every 15 degrees with some adjustments made for local geographic features and political boundaries. Presently, all nations are part of this, although India and China use one time zone for their entire nations, while some (Newfoundland, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Burma, the Marquesas, and parts of Australia) use half-hour deviations from standard time, and Nepal uses quarter-hour deviations. Indicates partial half-hour zones
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