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Understanding Joints: Types, Functions, and Common Injuries

This chapter provides an in-depth look at joints, also known as articulations, which are the connections between two or more bones. It discusses their primary functions in facilitating movement and maintaining skeletal integrity. We explore different types of joints—fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial—alongside their subcategories and movements such as flexion, extension, and rotation. Additionally, the text addresses common joint injuries, including arthritis, sprains, and dislocations, while also highlighting key aspects of health conditions like Lyme disease.

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Understanding Joints: Types, Functions, and Common Injuries

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  1. Ch. 8 Warm-Up • What is another name for joints? • What are the 2 main functions of joints? • What do you think are the most common joint injuries?

  2. Ch. 8 Warm-Up John bent over to pick up a dime. What was the type of joint and the movement that occurred at: • his hip joint • at his knees, and • between his index finger and thumb?

  3. Ch. 8 Warm-Up • Tony fell asleep in class, and when he woke up, he let go with a big yawn. To his horror, he couldn’t close his mouth – his lower jaw was “stuck” open. What happened? • What is the cause of Lyme disease? • How you determine by looking at someone suffering from arthritis has OA or RA?

  4. Joints Chapter 8

  5. Joints (or articulations) • Where two or more bones meet • Functions: movement, hold skeleton together • Classified by structure (or function): • Fibrous (synarthroses): immovable joint • Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses): slightly movable • Synovial (diarthroses): freely movable

  6. Fibrous Joints • No movement • Located: • Sutures: bones of skull held together by connective tissue fibers • Between teeth & jaws

  7. Cartilaginous Joints • Bones united by cartilage • Located: • Epiphyseal plates • Rib & sternum • Pubic symphysis

  8. Synovial Joints • Bones separated by fluid-containing joint cavity • Synovial fluid reduces friction between cartilages • Menisci: fibrocartilage that partially divides a joint cavity at knee, reduces friction • Bursa: flattened sacs containing synovial fluid, occur where bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, skin rub together

  9. Lateral & Medial Meniscus

  10. Torn medial meniscus

  11. Bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions between bones & tendons/muscles

  12. Types of Synovial Joints • Plane– wrist • Hinge– elbow, ankle, fingers • Pivot– ulna/radius • Condyloid(ellipsoidal) – wrist, knuckle • Saddle– thumb • Ball-and-socket – shoulder, hip

  13. Types of Synovial Joints

  14. Types of Synovial Joints Types of Synovial Joints

  15. Joint Movement • Every skeletal muscle attached to bone or connective tissue at 2+ points • Origin: attached to immovable (less movable) bone • Insertion: attached to movable bone

  16. Types of Synovial Joint Movement • Gliding • Angular movements • Rotation

  17. 1. Gliding • Flat bone slips over another • Back-forth, side to side • Eg. Between vertebrae, wrist, ankle

  18. 2. Angular Movement • Increase or decrease angle between bones Types: • Flexion:  angle between bones (bend knee) • Extension:  angle along sagittal plane, straighten limbs, (unbend knee) • Abduction: “moving away” from midline along frontal plane (spread apart fingers) • Adduction: “move toward” midline (arm moving in) • Circumduction: make “cone” in space (pitcher winding up to throw ball)

  19. Flexion:  angle between bones

  20. Extension:  angle along sagittal plane, straighten limbs

  21. Hyperextension

  22. Abduction – Adduction - Circumduction

  23. 3. Rotation • Turn bone along long axis • Eg. Hip, shoulder, swivel head (C1/C2)

  24. Special Movements • Radius & Ulna: • Supination: bones are parallel, anatomical position • Sup- = “soup bowl” • Pronation: bones form an X, relaxed position • Pro- = pro-basketball player dribbles

  25. Special Movements • Elevation/Depression: and (shrug, chewing)

  26. Special Movements • Foot: inversion (medially)/eversion (laterally)

  27. Special Movements • Ankle: dorsiflexion (toes point up)/plantar flexion (toes point down)

  28. Special Movements • Jaw: protraction(jut out)/retraction (bring back in)

  29. Special Movements • Thumb: opposition (touch to other fingers on hand)

  30. Joint Disorders • Arthritis(joint inflammation) • Osteoarthritis: wear-and-tear, degeneration • Rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammation, autoimmune • Gout: uric acid deposits in soft tissue of joints • Sprain: ligaments stretched or torn • Dislocation: bones forced out of alignment • Bursitis: inflammation of bursa • Tendonitis: inflammation of tendons (overuse) • Lyme Disease: tick bite  joint pain, arthritis, skin rash, flu-like symptoms

  31. Robert Griffin III (RGIII) • Repaired lateral collateral ligament (LCL) • Reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 2nd time

  32. Common Knee Injury: Hockey Puck

  33. Knee Repair: ACL Surgery YouTube Video: ACL Surgery

  34. Knee Replacements

  35. Knee Replacement Surgery Knee Replacement Surgery (Pre-Op Video)

  36. Hip Joint

  37. Hip Arthritis

  38. Hip Replacements

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