Professor David Gordon

1. Professor David Gordon Tackling Inequalities in Health: the UK experience 22nd November 2005

2. Tackling Health Inequalities • The problem • The solutions? • - What can be done • - What can the health service do

4. WHO Ranking of Health Systems

5. Frank Dobson, 1997(Secretary of state for health 1997-1999 “Inequality in health is the worst inequality of all. There is no more serious inequality than knowing that you’ll die sooner because you’re badly off”

6. Age at death by age group, 1990-1995 Source: The State of the World Population 1998

7. Only the good die young? – what kills children Cause of death for children under five Bars show estimated confidence interval

8. “The world's biggest killer and the greatest cause of ill healthand suffering across the globe is listed almost at the end ofthe International Classification of Diseases.It is given codeZ59.5 -- extreme poverty. World Health Organisation (1995) Seven out of 10 childhood deaths in developing countries can be attributed to just five main causes - or a combination of them: pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles, malaria and malnutrition.Around the world, three out of four children seen by health services are suffering from at least one of these conditions. World Health Organisation (1996; 1998).

9. Severe Deprivation of Basic Human Need • A third of the Worlds children live in squalid housing condition with more than five people to a room or living on a mud floor • Over half a billion children have no toilet facilities whatsoever - not even a hole in the ground. • Over 400 million children are using unsafe open water sources, rivers or ponds or they have to walk 15 minutes or more there and back to water, that’s a thirty minute round trip, that’s so far they cannot carry enough for their needs. Therefore, they cut down on water use and tend to get infections. • About 1 in 5 children (aged between 3 and 18) lack access to radios, televisions, computers, telephones or newspapers at home. They have no information about the outside world apart from what they can see in their community. • 16% of the world’s children under the age of 5 are very severely malnourished and almost half of these live in South Asia. • 275 million children have not been immunised against any disease whatsoever, or they have had a recent illness causing diarrhoea, which is one of the major killers and received no medical advice or treatment. As far as we can determine, about 13% of the world’s children have never come into contact with medical services. • 140 million children aged between 7 – 18, that’s about one in nine, are severely educationally deprived - they have never stepped inside a school building

10. Expectation of years of life, at birth

11. % Deaths among recorded baptisms Under 5 years Under 21 years British Dukes (Hollingsworth, 1965 20 27 Bedfordshire peasants (fairly prosperous) (Tranter, 1966) 24 31 Lincolnshire peasants (Chambers, 1972) 39 60 Mortality of Infants and Young People, 1739-79

12. District Gentry and professional Farmers and tradesman Labourers and artisans Rural Rutland 52 41 38 Urban Bath 55 37 25 Leeds 44 27 19 Bethnal Green 45 26 16 Manchester 38 20 17 Liverpool 35 22 15 Longevity of families, by class and area of residence, 1834-41

14. SMRs -From the 1920s to the 1990s, men 20-64

15. Source: DoH 2003

19. Low Income in Britain 1961-2003

24. Critical Periods of the Life Course • Foetal development • Birth • Nutrition, growth and health in adulthood • Educational Career • Leaving parental home • Entering labour market • Establishing social and sexual relationships • Job loss or insecurity • Parenthood • Episodes of illness • Labour market exit • Chronic sickness • Loss of full independence Source: Shaw et al., The Widening Gap, 1999, p. 106.

25. Socio-economic disadvantage has a cumulative effect across the life course Source: Pantazis and Gordon 1997

26. Tackling Health Inequalities The solutions? - What can be done - What can the health service do First prerequisite - political recognition of the problem and coordinated action across government departments, and; Second prerequisite - commitment to act on specific measurable health inequalities targets

27. Tackling Health Inequalities: lessons from the UK • You need a plan and clear, measurable objectives. • You need belief … Action needs to start with the belief that you can do something about it. • You need a cross-governmental plan to address health inequalities – including the finance ministry. • Although this work is not about health services alone, the health sector has an important leadership role to play. • ‘Joined up government’ is very important, particularly at the local level, where planning and funding mechanisms need to be brought into the picture. • www.who.int/social_determinants/advocacy/wha_csdh/en/

29. Canadian Government Statements on Social Determinants of Health All policies which have a direct bearing on health need to be coordinated. The list is long and includes, among others, income security, employment, education, housing, business, agriculture, transportation, justice and technology. -- Achieving Health For All: A Framework for Health Promotion, J. Epp. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1986.

30. Canadian Government Statements on Social Determinants of Health In the case of poverty, unemployment, stress, and violence, the influence on health is direct, negative and often shocking for a country as wealthy and as highly regarded as Canada. -- The Statistical Report on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1998.

31. UK health inequalities targets set in 2002 • By 2010 to reduce the inequalities in health outcomes by 10 per cent as measured by infant mortality and life expectancy at birth. • starting with children under one year, by 2010 to reduce by at least 10 per cent the gap in mortality between routine and manual groups and the population as a whole; • starting with local authorities, by 2010 to reduce by at least 10 per cent the gap between the fifth of areas with the lowest life expectancy at birth and the population as a whole.

32. Approaches to Health Inequality Target Setting In the European Union; “most countries with quantitative targets have set them in terms of reducing gaps between the poorest and the more affluent, but Scotland and Wales appear to be unique in terms of emphasising the importance of improving the position of the poorest groups per se.” In Wales & Scotland the targets do not focus explicitly on ‘closing the gap’ but emphasise relatively faster improvements for the most deprived groups. Source: Judge et al (2005)

33. Child Poverty in the UK The UK Government is committed to tackling the problem of child poverty. In March 1999, the Prime Minister Tony Blair set out a commitment to end child poverty forever: “And I will set out our historic aim that ours is the first generation to end child poverty forever, and it will take a generation. It is a 20-year mission but I believe it can be done.

34. UNICEF Child Poverty League of Rich Countries Percent of children living below 50% of median national income Source: UNICEF (2005)

35. The Cost of Ending Child Poverty: the amount needed to raise the incomes of all poor families with children above the poverty threshold

36. Likely health impact of socio-economic interventions Source: Mitchell et al 2000

37. Very little of the mortality gap by social class can be explained by known ‘risk’ factors

38. Tackling Health Inequalities • The solutions? • - What can the health service do Ending the Inverse Care law - equitable, accessible and inclusive health care and health resource allocation

39. The Inverse Care Law The term 'inverse care law' was coined by Tudor Hart (1971) to describe the general observation that "the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served." A primary aim of health inequalities audits and impact assessments should be to identify the best method or methods of allocation in order to distribute resources on the basis of health needs and thereby alleviate the problems caused by the ‘inverse care law’.

40. The Inverse Care Law Average number of GPs per 100,000 by area deprivation, 2002 & 2004 Source: SRGHI 2005

41. Health Resource Allocation Health resources should be allocated on the basis of the amount of health need multiplied by the cost of meeting that need. Many (most) health resource allocations in the UK have been based mainly upon the population size weighted by the age and sex distribution of people who have recently died under the age of 75 (eg standardised mortality rate under 75). However, there are a number of problems with the current methodology: 1.The health service mainly provides services for people who are alive, not dead. In particular, it provides the bulk of its services for the ‘sick’ rather than the ‘healthy’. 2.The health service provides a considerable number of services for people with health conditions that only very rarely result in death eg tooth decay, back pain, food poisoning, arthritis, etc. 3.The geographical distribution of health need and death are not the same. 4.A large number of people require health services in any given year but only a relatively small number will die under the age of 75 (approximately 15,000 people per year in Wales).

42. Ending inequity in health care ·     Most effective medical interventions do not reduce disease incidence risk but may improve prognosis and quality of life through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. ·     In order to reduce health inequalities it is essential that all segments of society share equally in these advances on the basis of clinical needs and not be influenced by spurious socio-demographic factors ·        Health care provision must be commensurate with clinical need and unbiased by socio-economic status. A mismatch between need and provision is inequitable. ·    Evidence of clinical effectiveness is essential in interpreting patterns of service provision by socio-economic status as overprovision may be as harmful as under-provision. ·    Inequity can function at various different domains such as age, socioeconomic status, geography, ethnicity and gender. These domains may act independently or additively.  ·       Inequity can occur at primary, secondary and tertiary care levels within the NHS.

43. “it is important that strategies developed to reduce inequalities are not assumed to be having a positive impact simply because the aim is ‘progressive’ and so rigorous evaluation of promising interventions are important.” Source: Arblaster, et al (1995). Review of the research on the effectiveness of health service interventions to reduce variations in health

44. Identifying the sources of inequity in health care 1.Patient variations in health care seeking behaviour 2.Doctor-patient interactions at a primary care level 3.Variations in primary care referral patterns 4.Variations in levels of investigation 5.Deciding on treatment options 6.Patient preferences

45. Health equity audit cycle

46. Ten Tips For Better Health – Liam Donaldson, 1999 1. Don't smoke. If you can, stop. If you can't, cut down. 2. Follow a balanced diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables. 3. Keep physically active. 4. Manage stress by, for example, talking things through and making time to relax. 5. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. 6. Cover up in the sun, and protect children from sunburn. 7. Practice safer sex. 8. Take up cancer screening opportunities. 9. Be safe on the roads: follow the Highway Code. 10. Learn the First Aid ABC : airways, breathing, circulation.

47. Alternative Ten Tips for Health 1. Don't be poor. If you can, stop. If you can't, try not to be poor for long. 2. Don't live in a deprived area, if you do move. 3. Be able to afford to own a car 4. Don't work in a stressful, low paid manual job. 5. Don't live in damp, low quality housing or be homeless 6. Be able to afford to go on an annual holiday. 7. Don’t be a lone parent. 8. Claim all benefits to which you are entitled 9. Don't live next to a busy major road or near a polluting factory. 10. Use education to improve your socio-economic position