War of 1812

1. War of 1812

2. Election of 1796 • Washington leaves office • Separation within political groups: • Federalists and Democratic-Republicans • Presidential nominees: • Federalists – John Adams and Thomas Pinckney • Democratic-Republicans – Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

3. Jefferson and Adams

4. Election of 1796 • Adams (F): 71 • Jefferson (DR): 68 • Pinckney (F): 59 • Burr (DR): 30 • Problem with the Constitution

5. Democratic-Republican • South • Farmers • Strong States • France • Strict construction – based on constitution • Federalists • North • Industry • Strong Government • Britain • Loose construction

6. Election of 1800 • 1788 to 1800 – 15 to 40% voter turnout • Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Republican) – each 73 electoral votes • Problem with the Constitution • Decision goes to House of Representatives • 6 Days • Jefferson wins, Burr VP

7. Aaron Burr

8. The Duel

9. Haitian Revolution 1790 - 1804 • 1789 - French Revolution • Hispaniola divided into French and Spanish Saint Domingue • 1793 – France declares war against England and Spain

10. Haitian Revolution • 28,000 “free coloreds” • 30,000 whites • 500,000 slaves • Problems

12. 1801 – Toussaint L’ Ouverture • Governor-for-life • Napoleon send troops to Saint Domingue • Tricks L’ Ouverture • Back under French control

13. Napoleon’s Decision • Continued battle • Refuses to send any reinforcements • Needs money and begins to lose interest in the Western Hemisphere

14. Results? • Rebellion is able to defeat French forces • 1804 – Republic of Haiti • Second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere and only successful slave rebellion in world history • Due to Napoleon’s need for money ......

15. 1803 - Sells Louisiana Territory to President Thomas Jefferson • Price? $15 million • 828,000 square miles larger • 3 cents per acre • Jefferson appoints personal secretary Meriwether Lewis to lead expedition west • Lewis chooses William Clark • 45 man crew, including Clark’s slave York

18. Lewis and Clark’s Accomplishments • Charted new geography of West • Recorded over 100 new plants and animals in their journals • Encountered many Native American groups • Only have one casualty during entire trip!!! (Floyd) • Beginning of the end for Native Americans

19. Importance of Sahcagahwea • Join expedition at Mandan Villages: • Shoshone Native American Sahcagahwea, and French-Canadian trader Toussaint Charbonneau • Saves the journey on several occasions • Directions and journals and translating

20. Gabriel’s Rebellion • 1800 – blacksmith plotted own revolution in Virginia after hearing about Haitian Revolution • Intentions: • March to Richmond, set fires, capture arsenal, take governor hostage (James Madison) • Never materialized • Suggestion of deportation of rebellious slaves • Sierra Leone • Never occurred

21. Jefferson’s Presidency • “Vision of simplicity” • Clothing • Cut government budget • Small scale social events • Reduced the size of army and navy • Abolished all federal internal taxes based on population or whiskey • Government jobs kept to a minimum • One private secretary (Lewis) – paid out of own pocket

22. President Jefferson’s popularity • Louisiana Purchase • Easily wins re-election in 1804 (162 to 14) • Federalist opponent, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gets only 14 electoral votes • Federalist party suffers huge lose one month prior to election with the death of Alexander Hamilton during a duel with Aaron Burr

23. War between France and England • Each warned America not to aid the other • 1806 - Britain stopped American ships, inspected cargo and captured Americans • “Impressment” – 2,500 American sailors

24. The Chesapeake Incident • June 1807 – harboring some British deserters ordered to stop by the Leopard • Kills 3 Americans • Chesapeake Bay • Jefferson: • Nonimportation to total embargo

25. Embargo Act 1807 • Prohibited American ships from trading with any foreign port • Goal: • Make England suffer – how? • Why all foreign ports?

26. Results • Total Disaster!! • Prior to Embargo Act - US exports increased fivefold; Now, a standstill • Unemployment rose (Esp. in New England) • Grain plummeted • Tobacco rotted • Cotton went unpicked • Government lost out on import taxes • Jefferson and Republican Party • Positive: increase in manufacturing and mills • Prior to Embargo Act – 15 mills after; 87

27. Democratic-Republican dominance • (DR) James Madison defeats (F) Charles Pinckney 122 – 47 in 1808 Election • Federalist revival? • Embargo Act • Young Federalists campaigning

28. Trade with West Indies • Madison continues Jefferson’s Embargo Act • Pressure Britain by blocking trade to West Indies • Unsuccessful – why? • March 1, 1809 – removes Embargo Act and substitutes it for Non-Intercourse Act

29. Non-Intercourse Act • Madison opens trade up to all nations except Britain and France • Opportunity to restore trade with them if respect US neutrality • In 1810 it expires and create Macon’s Bill No.2 • Direct trade with either France or England

30. The Push into War • Madison is faced with hostile British and French and now, Americans • Economic recession in the South and West attributed to Britain • War-spirits begin • “war-hawks” • Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Richard Johnson, William King

31. Native American Troubles in the West • Demographics in Ohio – 230,000 Americans • “War-hawks” – expulsion of the British from Canada and Spanish from Florida • Fear that British were recruiting Native Americans in the West

32. Shawnee chief Tecumseh and half-brother Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) unite several tribes in Ohio and Indiana territory • Loss of land and alcoholism • Indiana’s governor William Henry Harrison and Treaty of Fort Wayne 1809 • $10,000 – central and western Indiana

34. Reaction to Treaty of Fort Wayne • Tecumseh refuses to sign treaty and upset at those that did • Harrison views Tecumseh as enemy for not signing treaty • Harrison gathers army and heads towards Shawnee village, Prophetstown

35. Violence • 1811 – Harrison attacks with 1,000 men • 62 Americans, 40 Native Americans dead • Led counter-attack on Harrison (Battle of Tippecanoe) • Shawnee Native Americans badly beaten

37. Results • Harrison becomes national hero • Tecumseh now joins British • What Americans were fighting to prevent

38. The Call for War • “Impressment” • British ships in American waters • British support of Native Americans • British interfering with US trade • President James Madison

39. Towards Canada • The conquest of Canada seemed “ a mere matter of marching” • West Indies • Poor American Navy • Best British soldiers were in Europe

40. Unsuccessful • Native Americans • Old and incompetent American generals • A divided country

41. The British Offensive • August 1814 – Chesapeake Bay • 5,000 British troops • Burned government buildings and capital • British head north towards Baltimore

43. Baltimore • Mistake? • Francis Scott Key • “The Star-Spangled Banner” • British withdraw

44. Treaty of Ghent • August 1814 • Status quo ante bellum

45. American Victory?? • January 1815 – Battle of New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson • 2,000 British dead • 13 Americans!!

47. Results of War • No one really won!! • War-Hawks • Republican Party, trade, western expansion, development of new economic markets • Native Americans • Tecumseh dead, lands seized, British support gone