Motivation and Emotion

1. McElhaney/Emmons Motivation and Emotion

2. AP Outline • VIII. Motivation and Emotion (7–9%) • Biological Bases • Theories of Motivation • Instinct, Drive Reduction, Optimal Arousal, Incentive Theories • Hunger- Eating Disorders; Thirst, Sex, Social Cultural Factors, Sexual Orientation and Pain • Social Motives, Achievement Motivation, • Theories of Emotion, James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Cognitive Theory; Characteristics, Biology of Emotion, Emotional Expressions • Stress

3. Basics of Motivation • Our behavior is energized and directed by motives and emotions • There are links between motives and emotions • Basic motives- Hunger-thirst are monitored within the brain • Activities/motives are related to needs for stimulation and to maintain arousal

4. Definition of Motivation: • The factors that influenceinitiation, direction, intensity + persistence of behavior • Why do we do what we do? • Behavior is based partly on the desire to feel certain emotions. • How is motivation exemplified by Hunger, sexual desire and Need for Achievement? • Motivation  effects emotion example- hunger and irritability

5. Motive: • A reason or purpose that provides a single explanation for diverse behaviors. • Some psychologists think of motivation as an “intervening variable”- • Intervening variable is something that is used to explain the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.

6. Sources of motivation: 4 basic categories • Biological Factors- Autonomic Nervous System • Emotional Factors- panic, fear, anger, love, hatred • Cognitive Factors- perceptions, beliefs, expectations • Social Factors – other people, influence from parents, friends, teachers, TV, Siblings…Factors-

7. Theories of Motivation (web) • Instinct- Evolution=genetic predisposition • Drive Reduction -biological, focus on how our inner pushes drive us to fulfill a need. • Incentive theory stimuli that pulls us. Individual learning influences our motives. • Optimal Arousal- finding the right level of stimulation. • Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs- describes how some of our needs take priority

8. Basic Model of Motivation • Dynamics of behavior in the way actions are: • Initiated • Sustained • Directed • Terminated

9. Example of Food Seeking • Initiatedby bodily need • Search was sustained • Action directedby possible sources • Terminatedby attained goal

10. The Model (Motives) • Motivational Activities- begin with needs • Need is an internal deficiency • Needs cause - Drive= energized state that facilitates a need • Drives --activate a response = an action or series of actions to attain a goal • Goals are targets of motivational behavior

12. Difference between Needs and Drives • Need - A state of deficiency • Drives - Psychological states activated to satisfy needs, Often associated with some kind of arousal, Increased physiological and/or autonomic activity, • For many biological needs, drive satisfaction is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms and • are stronger than drives

13. External Stimuli • Motivated behavior can be energized by the pull of External Stimuli • And push of internal needs

14. Action is a Mix • Internal needs and External Incentives • (types of conflicts are associated) • Incentive value of goals helps us understand motives that don’t come from internal needs • Example success = status-approval

15. Types of Motives: 3 Categories • 1. Primary-(innate) • Based on biological needs • Must be met for survival • Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance • Air, sleep • Elimination of waste

16. 2. Stimulus Motives (not necessarily for survival) • Need for stimulation • Need for information • Activity • Curiosity • Exploration • Manipulation • Physical contact • Not necessary for survival • Stimulus Drives= reflect need for: • Need for stimulation • Need for information • Activity – curiosity • Exploration- manipulation • Physical contact • Sensory input (sex)

17. 3. Secondary Motives (learned motives) • Learned needs or drives and goals • Making music • Competing • Learned needs for power • For affiliation • Status • Security • Approval • Achievement • Fear + Aggression are learned

18. Drive Reduction Theory • Physiological need creates an arousal state that drives an organism to reduce a need. • Eating/drinking example • As a need  increases • A drive increases • (a drive is an aroused motivated state)

19. Instinct theory • Unlearned • Evolutionary psych • Genes predispose species typical behavior • Example: • Rooting reflexes • , aggression, (maybe Phobia) • Helping behaviors • Romantic attractions, mate selection

20. Arousal Theory • Says ideal levels of activation exist for various activities • Arousal refers to activation of body + nervous system • Zero@death.com = no arousal=death • Low during sleep or boredom • Moderate during daily activities • High at times of excitement, emotion, panic, fear and anxiety

21. Levels of Arousal • We perform best when we have a Moderate level of Arousal • Not too passive/not too anxious=Performance • Inverted U Function • Says at low levels of arousal=decrease performance • More arousal= improved performance

22. Levels of Arousal 2 • Ideal level arousal depends on complexity of the task Simple tasks--Best for arousal to be high Complex tasks  best for low/moderate arousal

23. Yerkes-Dodson Law

24. Sensation Seekers • People learn to seek particular levels of arousal • Sensation seeking scale+ Thrill +adventure seeking • Experience seeking • Disinhibition • Boredom Susceptibility

25. Quiz Time! • What is the difference between a drive and an incentive? Provide an example or scenario of each. • Define instinct theory, and explain why it is not suitable for determining human motivation. • What is homeostasis? • Identify the three types of motives. Provide an example of each.

26. Hunger and Motivation

27. Primary Motive is Homeostasis • Hunger Video • Biological needs • direct much of our behavior • Are used to maintain body balance= Homeostasis • Hunger (motive) is a regular cycle each day • Good example of how internal and external factors direct behavior • Liver plays a key role

28. Hunger 2 • Stomach size = indication of hunger • Feeling of hunger causes stomach contractions • stomach pangs or growl • Glucose- • a simple sugar • important energy source • a component of many carbohydrates. • hypoglycemia = low blood sugar level • Liver sends nerves signal to brain  desire to eat

29. Brain Mechanisms • Hypothalamus-a region of the forebrain below the Thalamus • Coordinates • the autonomic nervous system • the activity of the pituitary • controls body temperature • Thirst and Hunger • other homeostatic systems • Also involved in • sleep • emotional activity

30. Hypothalamus • Regulates • motivation and emotion • Thirst • hunger • sexual behavior • Is sensitive to sugar in the blood • Receives neural messages from liver and stomach

31. Lateral hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus • Creates feeling of hunger • Stimulation (natural or electrical) • causes animals to eat • Secretes Appetite stimulating hormones • If destroyed, you lose desire to eat • Marijuana causes a hypothalamic response • AKA “Munchies”

32. Stimulated Lateral Hypothalamus

33. Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus • Part of the Hypothalamus • relates directly to Satiety • Satiety=fullness • A stop eating mechanism • If destroyed = overeating • Appetite suppressing hormones • (Bottom medium part of the hypothalamus)

34. Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus • Affects hunger • helps keep blood sugar level steady • Both starts and stops eating • Sensitive to Neuropeptide Y (NPY) • Large amount = hunger

35. Glucagon -Like Peptide 1 (GLP1) • Causes eating to cease • Released by intestines • After eating a meal • In blood then to brain • 10 minutes after eating- (eat slow = eat less)

36. Set Point and Metabolic Rate • Weight Thermostat • Low weight body increases appetite • Metabolic Rate- regulates energy use of the body • (Basal) energy use at rest • Set Point • Point at which the weight thermostat is set • increases or deceases metabolism • Homeostasis • When we are at the set point • Metabolism is activated to reach the set point when we fall below.

37. Blood Chemistry • Hunger arousing • Ghrelin- secreted by empty stomach hormone, signals brain • Orexin- hormone secreted by hypothalamus • Hunger reducing • Insulin- hormone secreted by pancreas controls blood glucose • Leptin- protein in hormone secreted by fat cells • Increases metabolism and decreases hunger • Pyy- digestive tract hormone • send satiety signals to brain

38. Situational Influences • Social- Presence of others • We eat more • amplifies natural behavior tendencies • Unit Basis- • large size meals = more eating • Food Variety- • stimulates eating • more choices and more food

39. Obesity • Social Issues: • Lower psychological well being • Especially Women • Increase in depression • Fat Storage- • when food scarce • Body Mass Index • Physical Health Risks • Diabetes • High Blood Pressure • Heart Disease • Arthritis • Some cancer • Lowers life expectancy • Women late life cognitive decline (Alzheimer's/dementia from brain tissue loss)

40. Obesity Cont. • Set Point • is very low • Need less food to maintain weight • Body burns fewer calories when we are burning fat • Energy conservation • Lean people burn more calories- • not conserving energy • Genetic factors similar to parents • Environmental factors • Sleep Loss -> less sleep = lower leptin = more food • And more Ghrelin = more food

41. Waist Management • Eating Habits & exercise • Minimize exposure to tempting food cues • Simple meals limit food variety-grains, fruits, veggies • Healthy Fat= olive oil, fish • Crispy greens • Reduce portion size • Don’t starve • Monitor eating

42. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • Primarily Adolescent Females • 5-10% male • Severe Dieting • Compulsive attempt to lose weight • Do not seek or desire food • 1 in 20 die of malnutrition • Bulimia Nervosa • Gorge on food then vomit • Take laxatives to avoid weight gain

43. Causes of Bulimia and Anorexia • Women dissatisfied with bodies (Perception) • Distorted view of themselves • “They think they’re fat, exaggerated fears of becoming fat.” • Distorted Messages from media (Social) • Compulsion- comparing to models • Distorted body image • Perfect daughter control issues • Shame, guilt, self contempt, anxiety (Abnormal)

44. Treatment of Eating Disorders • Medical diet • Behavioral Counseling- self monitoring of food intake • Extinction training (to end the learned behavior) urge to vomit • Cognitive approach- • Change the thinking patterns & belief system about weight + body image • Usually people need outside support and urging from family

45. Psychology of HungerFactors that influence hunger • Taste Aversion is conditioned • Tense and Depressed • We crave carbohydrates and sweets • Why- boosts serotonin = calming effects • Evolutionary-Spicy food inhibit bacteria growth… • Pregnant women food dislikes and nausea peak at 10th week when developing embryo is not susceptible to toxins

46. Write a synthesis paragraph explaining how all of these mechanisms should be understood. (In other words, what do we learn about eating motivation from these mechanisms?) 1. Hypoglycemia 2. Liver affects hunger-How? 3. Hypothalamus: Lateral Hypothalamus Para-ventricular nucleas Brain Mechanisms: Lateral Hypothalamus Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus Glucagon such as peptide 1 Set Point Leptin-

47. Pain- • Drive to avoid pain=episodic • Takes place at certain episodes when body is or is about to be damaged • Prompts us to avoid pain • Pain tolerance- is learned- raise of lower tolerance

48. Self actualizing = Full use of personal potential Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Described a Hierarchy of Human needs that motivate behavior Abraham Maslow

49. Revised Maslow

50. Maslow Humanist Interpretation • Self-Transcendence new level • People strive for meaning/purpose • Beyond the self-higher level meaning • Helping others achieve self-actualization