Principles of Marketing

1. 3 Principles of Marketing The Marketing Environment

2. The Marketing Environment The marketing environment includes the actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing management’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with customers 3-4

3. The Marketing Environment Marketing Environment Microenvironment consists of the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers, the company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics 3-5

4. The Company’s Microenvironment Marketing Environment Macroenvironment consists of the larger societal forces that affect the microenvironment • Demographic • Economic • Natural • Technological • Political • Cultural 3-6

5. The Company’s Microenvironment • The Company • Suppliers • Marketing intermediaries • Customers • Competitors • Publics 3-7

6. The Company’s Microenvironment The Company Internal environment includes: • Top management • Finance • R&D • Purchasing • Operations • Accounting 3-8

7. The Company’s Microenvironment Suppliers • Provide the resources to produce goods and services • Treated as partners to provide customer value 3-9

8. The Company’s Microenvironment Marketing Intermediaries • Help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its products to final buyers • Include: • Resellers • Physical distribution firms • Marketing services agencies • Financial intermediaries 3-10

9. The Company’s Microenvironment Marketing Intermediaries Resellers are the distribution channel firms that help the company find customers or make sales to them • Include: • Wholesalers • Retailers 3-11

10. The Company’s Microenvironment Marketing Intermediaries Physical distribution firms are the distribution channel firms that help the company to stock and move goods from their points of origin to their final destination 3-12

11. The Company’s Microenvironment Marketing Intermediaries Marketing service agencies are the marketing research firms, advertising agencies, media firms, and marketing consulting firms that help the company target and promote its products to the right markets 3-13

12. The Company’s Microenvironment Marketing Intermediaries Financial intermediaries include banks, credit companies, insurance companies, and other businesses that help finance transactions or insure against the risks associated with the buying and selling of goods 3-14

13. The Company’s Microenvironment Customers Customer markets consist of individuals and households that buy goods and services for personal consumption Business markets buy goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process 3-15

14. The Company’s Microenvironment Customers Reseller markets buy goods and services to resell at a profit Government markets buy goods and services to produce public services or transfer goods and services to others who need them International markets consist of buyers in other countries including consumers, producers, resellers, and governments 3-16

15. The Company’s Microenvironment Competitors Firms must gain strategic advantage by positioning their offerings against competitors’ offerings 3-17

16. The Company’s Microenvironment Publics Financial publics influence the company’s ability to obtain funds—banks, investment houses, and stockholders Media publics carry news, features, and editorial opinion—newspapers, magazines, and radio and television stations Government publics influence product safety and truth in advertising 3-19

17. The Company’s Microenvironment Publics Citizen-action publics include consumer organizations, environment groups, and minority groups Local publics include neighborhood residents and community organizations General publics influence the company’s public image Internal publics include workers, managers, volunteers, and directors 3-20

18. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment Demography is the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, occupation, and other statistics Demographic environment is important because it involves people, and people make up markets Demographic trends include age, family structure, geographic population shifts, educational characteristics, and population diversity 3-22

19. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment Changing Age Structure of the Population Generational marketing is important in segmenting people by lifestyle of life state instead of age 3-23

20. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment Changing Age Structure of the Population Baby boomers include people born between 1946 and 1964 • Most affluent Americans 3-24

21. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment Changing Age Structure of the Population Generation X includes people born between 1965 and 1976 • High divorce rates • Concerned about the environment • Respond to socially responsible companies • Less materialistic • Quality of life • Consumer organizations, environment groups, and minority groups 3-25

22. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment Changing Age Structure of the Population • Generation Y includes people born between 1977 and 2000 • Internet generation 3-26

23. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment The Changing American Family More people are: • Divorcing or separating • Choosing not to marry • Choosing to marrying later • Marrying without intending to have children • Higher divorce rates • Increased number of working women • Stay-at-home dads 3-27

24. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment Geographic Shifts in Population • Trends include: • Migratory movements between and within countries • Moving from rural to metropolitan areas • Changes in where people work • Telecommuting • Home office • Divorcing or separating 3-28

25. The Company’s Macroenvironment Demographic Environment Increasing Diversity • Markets are becoming more diverse • International • National • Trends Include: • Ethnicity • Gay and lesbian • Disabled 3-30

26. The Company’s Macroenvironment Economic Environment Changes in Income • Income distribution • Upper-class consumers • Middle-class consumers • Working-class consumers • Underclass consumers 3-33

27. The Company’s Macroenvironment Natural Environment Natural environment involves the natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities • Trends • Shortages of raw materials • Increased pollution • Increased government intervention • Environmentally sustainable strategies • Green marketing 3-35

28. The Company’s Macroenvironment Political Environment Political environment consists of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society 3-38

29. The Company’s Macroenvironment Political Environment • Legislation regulating business • Public policy to guide commerce—sets of laws and regulations that limit business for the good of society at large • Increasing legislation • Protect companies • Protect consumers • Protect the interests of society 3-39

30. The Company’s Macroenvironment Political Environment Increased Emphasis on Ethics and Socially Responsible Actions Socially responsible behavior occurs when firms actively seek out ways to protect the long-term interests of their consumers and the environment • Cause-related marketing 3-41

31. The Company’s Macroenvironment Cultural Environment Cultural environment consists of institutions and other forces that affect a society’s basic values, perceptions, and behaviors 3-42

32. The Company’s Macroenvironment Cultural Environment Persistence of Cultural Values Core beliefs and values have a high degree of persistence, are passed on from parents to children, and are reinforced by schools, churches, businesses, and government Secondary beliefs and values are more open to change 3-43

33. The Company’s Macroenvironment Cultural Environment Shifts in Secondary Cultural Values Major cultural values of a society are expressed in people’s view of: • Themselves • Others • Organization • Society • Nature and the universe 3-44

34. The Company’s Microenvironment Cultural Environment Shifts in Secondary Cultural Values • People’s view of themselves • Yankelovich Monitor’s consumer segments: • Do-It-Yourselfers—recent movers • Adventurers • People’s view of others 3-45

35. The Company’s Macroenvironment Cultural Environment Shifts in Secondary Cultural Values • People’s view of organizations • People’s view of society • Patriots defend it • Reformers want to change it • Malcontents want to leave it 3-46

36. The Company’s Macroenvironment Cultural Environment Shifts in Secondary Cultural Values • People’s view of nature • Some feel ruled by it • Some feel in harmony with it • Some seek to master it • People’s view of the universe • Renewed interest in spirituality 3-47