variation within typological categories: the case of basque and spanish

1. Variation within typological categories: The case of Basque and Spanish Iraide Ibarretxe-Antu�ano Zaragoza �likool iraide@unizar.es

4. 3.1. Talmy�s (1991, 2000) Lexicalisation patterns and Motion events Meaning components associated with surface components in different languages? packaging strategies. Motion events: �containing movement or the maintenance of a stationary location�. Six basic semantic elements or components: Central or �internal components�: �Figure�, �Ground�, �Path�, �Motion� Associated or �external co-event components�: �Manner�, �Cause�

5. Examples (1) The pencil rolled off the table Figure Motion Path Ground Manner (2) The pencil blew off the table Figure Motion Path Ground Cause

6. 3.2. Lexicalisation patterns and typology SATELLITE-framed languages (Germanic, Slavic, Finno-Ugric) Conflation of �Motion� and �Manner� �Path� in satellite English (3) The boy ran out VERB-framed languages (Romance, Semitic, Turkic, Basque, Japanese, Korean) Conflation of �Motion� and �Path� �Manner� in separate element Spanish (4) El ni�o sali� corriendo �the boy exited running� Basque (5) Umea korrika irten zen �the boy running exited�

7. Addendum 1: Boundary-crossing constraint Verb-framed languages? Manner+Motion verbs (6)La ni�a corri� hacia su casa the girl ran towards her house Motion + Manner Path (7)La pelota rod� hasta el r�o the ball rolled up to the river Motion + Manner Path

8. But how do we say in Spanish The girl run into the house? (8) La ni�a entr� corriendo en la casa the girl entered running in the house Motion+Path Manner Path Why does the pattern change? Boundary crossing constraint: Verb-framed languages only license the use of a manner verb as the main verb in a path expression if no boundary-crossing is predicated.

9. Addendum 2: Two-way typology under review Problem 1: not enough for explaining some of the main characteristics of languages for motion description (e.g. serial verbs) Problem 2: Intra-typological variation with respect to the elaboration of motion event components (Path, Manner) Problem 3: more factors to take into account in language use--morphosyntactic, psycholinguistic, pragmatic, cultural�

10. Solution 1: A third type Slobin and Hoiting (1994): Complex V-framed languages Serial verb languages Ameka and Essegbey (in press) for Ewe & Akan, and Zlatev and Yangklang (2004) for Thai. Slobin (2004): Equipollently-framed languages �Path and manner are expressed by equivalent grammatical forms� (2004: 249) serial verb languages (Niger-Congo, Hmong-Mien, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, Mon-Khmer, Austronesian), bipartite verb languages (Algonquian, Athabaskan, Hokan, Klamath-Takelman), �generic verb languages� (Jaminjungan)

11. Solution 2: clines Different degrees of focus and elaboration of motion event components �Semantic component� salience cline Semantic component and codability high-�semantic component�-salient vs. low-�semantic component�-salient languages WE�LL DISCUSS THIS LATER ON (Manner & Path)

13. Little empirical test 1 On a piece of paper, write down as many motion verbs as possible You have ONE minute

14. Little empirical test 2 Describe what happens in these pictures (boy, owl)

15. Little empirical test 3 Describe what happens in these pictures (boy, deer, dog)

17. 3.3. Lexicalisation patterns and discourse: Thinking for speaking Slobin (1987, 1991, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2004) Specific language effects in the online use of language Experience not verbalised without a specific perspective Languages differ in their rhetorical style But, how can we empirically show their differences?

18. Three areas: 1. NUMBER, EXPRESSIVENESS, FREQUENCY OF MOTION VERBS: S-languages have a more expressive and wider motion verb lexicon, especially for manner 2. GROUND1 ELABORATION: S-languages have more frequent and elaborated ground descriptions than V-languages 3. NARRATIVE ATTENTION: S-languages devote more narrative attention to the dynamics of movement and V-languages to the scene setting

19. Data Elicitation tool: Frog, where are you? (Mayer 1969) Information: Spanish: Slobin 1996a, 1997, 2000, 2004 Basque: Ibarretxe-Antu�ano 2004a, b Others: Slobin 2004, Ibarretxe-Antu�ano 2004c, in press

20. (1) Verbs and Manner description Satellite-framed: ENGLISH Buck, bump, buzz, carry, chase, climb, come, crawl, creep, depart, drop, dump, escape, fall, float, fly, follow, get, go, head, hide, hop, jump, know, land, leave, limp, make-fall, move, plummet, pop, push, race, rush, run, slip, splash, splat, sneak, swim, swoop, take, throw, tip, tumble, walk, wander Verb-framed: SPANISH Acercarse �approach�, alcanzar �reach�, arrojar �throw�, bajar(se) �descend�, caer(se) �fall�, correr �run�, dar-un-empuj�n �push�, dar-un-salto �jump�, entrar �enter�, escapar �escape�, hacer caer �make fall�, huir �flee�, ir(se) �go�, llegar �arrive�, llevar(se) �carry�, marchar(se) �go�, meterse �insert oneself�, nadar �swim�, perseguir �chase�, ponerse �put oneself�, regresar �return�, sacarse �remove oneself, exit�, salir �exit�, saltar �jump�, subir(se) �ascend�, tirar �throw�, traspasar �go over�, venir �come�, volar(se) �fly�, volver(se) �return

22. Little empirical test 1 Do you agree with these tendencies? How many Manner of motion verbs did you mention?

23. Manner: In verb-framed languages: Manner is only expressed in the motion event if it is very important for the narrative, otherwise it is left out (McNeill 2000, Slobin 1997) Manner is lexicalised in a manner verb or usually in a separate expression Spanish: -adverbial expressions (adverbs, gerundives) Basque: -adverbial expressions with �ka, -z, -(r)ik, -ta -sound symbolic expressions

24. Little empirical test 2 How many of you mentioned some Manner of motion in the description of the scene?

25. (2) Ground elaboration: �Minus-ground clauses�: bare verbs and verbs with satellites indicating direction of movement (9) The boy fell down El ni�o se cay� (the boy refl fell) Aoztar jausi egin da (Aoztar.abs fall.pf emp aux.3s) �Plus-ground clauses�: verbs with one or more phrases encoding source and/or goal (10) The boy fell down from the cliff El ni�o se cay� desde el precipicio (the boy refl fell from the cliff) Erreka batetara jausi dira (river one.all fall.pf aux.3p)

27. (2) Ground elaboration: �Complex path� or �journey�: an extended path that includes milestones or subgoals, situated in a medium. Satellite-framed languages: English: used very frequently. (11) He starts running and he tips him off over a cliff into the water

28. Verb-framed languages: Spanish: hardly used; tendency to limit the description of ground to one piece of information only (only 2 out of 42) (12) El perro� hace un movimiento tal que se precipita al suelo, desde la ventana (the dog� makes one movement so that refl plummets to.the floor, from the window) Basque: frequently used; more than one piece of information (20 out of 32? complete path construction) (13) danak amildegitikan behera erori zian ibai batera all.ABS cliff:ABL:LOC below:ALL fall:PERF aux river one:ALL

29. (2) Ground elaboration: Degree of event granularity: degree of detailed description for the same event.

30. (3) Rhetorical style and Narrative attention Satellite-framed: ENGLISH: more attention to the description of movement; focus on path and setting to be inferred ? rich means to describe path. (14) The deer stops abruptly, which causes the boy to lose his balance and fall with the dog down into the stream Verb-framed: SPANISH: path to be inferred and focus on the description of the setting. (15) Caen en la laguna [�] que estaba debajo de ese precipicio fall in the pond that was below of that cliff BASQUE: setting to be inferred and focus on the description of the movement or both (16) eta gure Andoni eta txakurra amildegitik behera erori ziren, and our andoni and our dog:ABS cliff:ABL below:ALL fall:PERF aux baina amildegiaren azpian erreka zegoen zorionez fall:PERF but cliff:POSS below:LOC river:ABS was fortunately

31. Little empirical test 3 How many of you� Used a minus-ground verb? Included more than 1 piece of ground information? Mentioned more than 3 segments? Described the scene dynamically?

32. Slobin�s proposals: Results Proposal 1: satellite-framed languages have a more expressive and wider motion verb lexicon, especially for manner ? YES Proposal 2: satellite-framed languages have more frequent and elaborated ground descriptions than verb-framed languages ? YES & NO Proposal 3: satellite-framed languages devote more narrative attention to the dynamics of movement and less to the static description of scene setting than verb-framed languages ? YES & NO

33. Slobin�s proposals: Results: Spanish and Basque are similar with respect to the semantic component of MANNER Spanish and Basque are different with respect to the semantic component of PATH INTRA-TYPOLOGICAL VARIATION

35. Typological parameters Do languages from the same typological group describe these components in the same way? NO ? gradience

36. Slobin�s (2004) MANNER SALIENCE CLINE Saliency is related to codability (linguistic means) Satellite-framed: large and expressive repertoire of Manner verbs high-manner salient Verb-framed: usually poor repertoire low-manner salient But, Japanese has a rich and expressive list of mimetics not low-manner salient (Ohara 2003, Sugiyama 2005) Basque does so too, +800 (Ibarretxe-Antu�ano 2006a) not so sure (Ibarretxe-Antu�ano sub.)

37. Ibarretxe�s (2004c, i.p.) PATH SALIENCE CLINE

38. Two more questions: Are salience clines only intra-typological or could they be inter-typological? Why? What factors may contribute to the language position on the salience cline?

39. 1st question: Inter- or intra-typological?

40. 2nd question: Why? Six interrelated factors (so far): Rich system for space and motion description Word order: Verb-final language VP Gapping-Ellipsis Dummy verbs: the verb izan Cultural systems Conceptionally oral languages The more factors a language shows the more likely it is to be path salient �Obligatory contexts� vs �speaker�s options�

41. So� Typological classification: Lexicalisation pattern Manner salience cline Path salience cline �

42. More empirical data sources Gesture studies (McNeill 2000, Kita et al. 2003, sub) Non-linguistic experiments (MPI, Oh 2003) Artificial stimuli for linguistic elicitation (MPI, Oh 2003) Spontaneous speech (Slobin 2000) Written language (novels) (Slobin 1996a,b, 1997,2000) Translations (Slobin 1996a,b, 1997,2000) 1st and 2nd language acquisition (Slobin & Berman 1994, Cadierno 2004, Cadierno and Ruiz in press) �

43. Usefulness of these theories Translation Second language acquisition

44. Ait�h! Kiitos! Tack! Thanks! Eskerrik asko! �Gracias!

46. Complex paths or journeys Complex paths ? ground elements: not restricted to one, several per verb Frog stories: 52 plus-ground phrases One ? 32 (61%) [Source:4; Goal: 28] More than one ? 20 (39%) [Two: 18; three: 2] Example: (5) Danak amildegitikan behera erori zian ibai batera all.abs cliff.abl.loc below.all fall.perf aux river one.all �All of them fell from the cliff down into the river�

47. Narratives (6) Gaztelutik behera itsasbazterretara JAITSI eta harririk harri ertzetik ITZULIKO zarete moilarantz castle.abl below.all seashore.all descend.perf and rock.part rock shore:abl return.fut aux pir.dir �You will descend from the castle down to the seashore and, rock by rock, you will go back from the shore towards the pier� Translations (7) Bera oraindik NORAEZEAN ZEBILEN, goiko bailara txikitik kanpo, bere mugaz gain eta bestaldeko aldapan behera he.abs still aimlessly walk.impf top.and valley small.abl outside it.gen limit.inst top and other.side.adn slope.loc below.all �He was still walking aimlessly, out of the small high valley, over its edge and down the other slopes�

48. Complete path construction Definition: the tendency to linguistically express in the same clause both the source and goal of a translational motion, even in cases where one of the components is pleonastic CP clauses are used when the path is �conceptually delimited�, i.e. the location of both source and goal is conceptualised as a fixed point in space, and as a result the distance between them (path) is viewed as a restricted, delimited trajectory between these two fixed points Focus on path delimited by source and goal

49. Examples (8) Danak amildegitikan behera erori zian ibai batera frog all.abs cliff.abl.loc below.all fall.perf aux river one.all �All of them fell from the cliff down into the river� (9) Gaztelutik behera itsasbazterretara jaitsi lit castle.abl below.all seashore.all descend.perf �You will descend from the castle down to the seashore� (10) Eta kristalezko ontzitik kanpora irtetea lortu zuen frog and glass:instr:adn jar:abl out:all exit::ger:det obtain:perf aux �And (the frog) managed to come out of the jar� (11) Pasillo ospeletik barrura sartuko zarete ilunetan lit corridor shady.abl inside.all enter.fut aux dark.loc �And you will go inside from the shady corridor in darkness� (12) Pelota U formako figura baten erditik kanpora urtetzen da MPI ball.abs u shape.adn figure one.gen middle.abl outside.all exit.hab aux �The ball exits from the middle of the Ushaped figure to the outside�

50. Evidence L2 Frog data No CP constructions in any of the subjects (13) eta bapatean barranko batetik bota zuen and suddenly cliff one:abl throw:perf aux:3s �And suddenly [the deer] threw him over the cliff� Indivisible unit (Ibarretxe-Antu�ano in prep) Imposible to insert any element in between *?(14) Gaztelutik korrika behera itsasbazterretara jaitsi lit castle.abl below.all seashore.all descend.perf �You will descend from the castle down to the seashore�

51. Motion stimuli (Ibarretxe-Antu�ano in prep) (15) Hiritik herrira joan zen oihanetik zehar city.abl town.all go.perf aux wood.abl through �He went from the city through the woods to the village� *?(16) Hiritik oihanetik zehar herrira joan zen city.abl town.all go.perf aux wood.abl through �He went from the city through the woods to the village� *?(17) Hiritik oihanetik zehar joan zen herrira(ino) city.abl town.all go.perf aux wood.abl through �He went from the city through the woods to the village�

52. So...

53. 1-. Possible explanations: case marking Rich system for space and motion description (Ibarretxe 2001) Locational cases: locative (-n), ablative (-tik), allative (-ra), goal allative (-raino), directional allative (-rantz) Locational nouns: �30 Structure: NP+case inflected (abs, all, abl, inst, ?) locational noun+locational case inflected Examples: mahai gainetik (table.? top.all) �from the top of the table�; menditik zehar (mountain.abl through) �though the mountain�. Similar argument for Icelandic (Ragnarsd�ttir & Str�mqvist 2004, Str�mqvist et al. 1995) and maybe for Turkish?

54. 2-. Possible explanations: SOV Basque is an SOV language Information before the verb So are Turkish and Japanese, but not Spanish, Thai, and Hebrew

55. 3-. Possible explanations: VP gapping - Auxiliary ellipsis Basque: high tolerance for VP gapping and ellipsis Syntactic gapping (Lobeck 1995, Lappin 1996, Gasta�aga 1977) Pragmatic gapping (Amundarain 2003) two topics in contrast with similar rhemes. Focus of second rheme contrasts with first one Discourse antecedent But also:

56. (6) �beste euskaldunentzat bukaturik utzi nuena other basques.ben finished leave aux.1sg.what Italia aldera xxxx baino lehen Italy side.all before �What I left finished for other Basques before I [went] to Italy� (Mendiburu) (7) Ziztu bizian desagertu da palmondoen spit alive.loc disappear aux palmtree.pl.gen artetik, ur putzuetan zipriztinak between.abl water puddle.pl.loc splash.pl.abs eginez bere txozarantz oinutsik xxxx making his hut.dir barefoot �He disappeared suddenly from in-between the palm trees, splashing, towards his hut barefoot� (Sarrionandia) ?Languages such as Japanese and Turkish (and Spanish) do not seem to accept this type of verb omissions ?Languages such as Thai and West-Greenlandic focus on verbs

57. 4-. Possible explanations: izan �be� Verb izan (Hualde and Urbina 2003): lexical verb �to be�: hizkuntzalaria da (linguist.abs.det be.3sg.pres) Intransitive auxiliary: erori da (fall.perf aux.3sg.pres) Zamarripa (1913): izan + case endings Locative+izan = egon �stative be�, gelditu (existential) non da Manu? (where be.3sg.pres manu?) Zertan gara? (what.loc be.1pl.pres) Ablative+izan = ibili �walk�, �be active� Nondik da gure Manu? Atzerritik (where.abl be.3sg.pres our Manu? Abroad.abl) Allative+izan = joan �go�, azaldu �turn up� izan zara eskolara? (Be.perf aux.2sg.pres school.all)

58. Explanation: elided element ? -ra JOAN gara (-all go aux) dummy verb ? tense, person, number information but lexical meaning in the locational case (phrase) Semantic Primacy of the ground argument There is not such a verb in Spanish, Japanese, Turkish, Thai

59. 5-. Possible explanations: Cultural systems Influence of cultural factors in the description of motion Arrernte (Wilkins 2004) and Warlpiri (Bavin 2004) construe complex motion descriptions1? segments in deer scene Central Desert aboriginal communities ? concern for detailed attention to motion paths and journeys and for orientation in space ? storytellers: more details�more knowledge ? knowledge through experience

60. 6-. Possible explanation: Conceptionally oral languages Koch and Oesterreicher (1985), Oesterreicher (2001) Language use --written and spoken-- can be located at a Conceptionally oral and a Conceptionally written pole Language of closeness vs. Language of distance Language of closeness: morphosyntactic, lexical and pragmatic characteristics: anacoluthic and elliptic constructions, congruence violations, low type-token ratios in the lexicon, redundancy, lexical variation, hyperbolic expressions, turn-taking signals, self-corrections...