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Category 2 (2p) Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7

Team A. Team B. Category 1 (3p) Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10. Category 2 (2p) Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10.

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Category 2 (2p) Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7

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  1. Team A Team B Category 1 (3p) Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Category 2 (2p) Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Category 3 (1p) Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10

  2. (Q1) THE HISTORY OF SOLAR ENERGY Energy from the sun has been used by people for centuries. As early as the 7th century B.C., ancient people used simple magnifying glasses to concentrate the light of the sun into beams so hot they would cause wood to catch fire. The Greeks and Romans use magnifying glasses to burn the sails of enemy ships. It was first applied to use in 212 B.C., by the Greek scientist Archimedes. Solar energy was used to defend the harbor of Syracuse (Sicily) against the Roman fleet. Archimedes used a mirror or "burning mirror" as they had called it, to set fire to Rome's wooden ships while standing on shore.

  3. Question 1 (3 points) When was solar energy used to defend the harbor of Sicily against the Roman fleet? A. in 240 BC B. in 220 BC C. in 212 BC D. In 222 BC

  4. (Q2) TYPES OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY • Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. • Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

  5. Question 2 (3 points) Photovoltaic panels are characterized as: A. active solar technologies B. passive solar technologies C. both a and b depending on the materials D. neither a nor b

  6. (Q3) USE OF THERMAL MASS MATERIALS Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat— heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well.

  7. Question 3 (3 points) Which of the following is not a thermal mass material? A. stone B. water C. cement D. wind

  8. (Q4) SIZE AND PLACEMENT OF THERMAL MASS The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.

  9. Question 4 (3 points) The size and placement of thermal mass do not depend on: A. day lighting B. climate C. standard electricity meters D. shading conditions

  10. (Q5) The solar panel A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts.

  11. Question 5 (3 points) The DC output power of a typical solar panel ranges from: A. 100 to 230 watts B. 100 to 300 watts C. 100 to 320 watts D. 100 to 350 watts

  12. (Q6) A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

  13. Question 6 (3 points) A photovoltaic system may include: A. a battery B. a solar tracker C. interconnection wiring D. all of the above

  14. (Q7) Types of Solar Panels Single crystal modules have been around the longest and are the most effective. They are the most efficient (10-17%) Poly/Multicrystalline modules are second in line. They are cheaper than single crystal, but run at 9-14% efficiency. String ribbon modules are fairly cheap and are 7-8% efficient. Thin Film (Amorphous) modules are a thin layer of silicon deposited on top of steel or glass. They are cheap to make, but their efficiency is very low (5-7%).

  15. Question 7 (3 points) The most efficient kind of solar panel up to now is: A. Thin film (amorphous modules) B. Single crystal modules C. Poly/Multicrystalline modules D. None of the above

  16. (Q8) Myths about the sun Phaethon, a young man, travels to the Palace of the Sun to meet Apollo and find out if the sun god is in fact his father. Apollo says he is. To prove it, he will give Phaethon anything he wants, swearing by the River Styx that he will grant Phaethon his wildest dream. The boy's dream is to ride Apollo's chariot. Although his father warns him that no god (let alone a human) can control the horses and safely ride the chariot across the sky, Phaethon will not listen. Apollo seems to have no choice but to let his son drive the chariot and watch as the horses run recklessly through the sky, crashing into stars and even setting the earth on fire. To prevent the entire planet from burning, Zeus sends a thunderbolt which kills Phaethon and drives the horses into the sea.

  17. Question 8 (3 points) The land which caught fire when Phaethon lost control of the chariot could be: A. Africa B. Asia C. Europe D. America

  18. (Q9) Solar power Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The efficiency of a photovoltaic installation varies by geographic region because the average insolation depends on the average cloudiness and the thickness of atmosphere traversed by the sunlight. It also depends on the path of the sun relative to the panel and the horizon. Panels can be mounted at an angle based on latitude, or solar tracking can be utilized to access even more perpendicular sunlight, thereby raising the total energy output.

  19. Question 9 (3 points) The conversion of sunlight into electricity is known as: A. solar energy B. solar power C. photoelectric effect D. none of the above

  20. (Q10) HOW DO SOLAR CELLS WORK? Solar (or photovoltaic) cells convert the sun’s energy into electricity. They rely on the photoelectric effect: the ability of matter to emit electrons when a light is shone on it.Silicon is what is known as a semi-conductor, meaning that it shares some of the properties of metals and some of those of an electrical insulator, making it a key ingredient in solar cells. Sunlight is composed of miniscule particles called photons, which radiate from the sun. As these hit the silicon atoms of the solar cell, they transfer their energy to loose electrons, knocking them clean off the atoms. The photons could be compared to the white ball in a game of pool, which passes on its energy to the colored balls it strikes.

  21. (Q10) HOW DO SOLAR CELLS WORK? Freeing up electrons is however only half the work of a solar cell: it then needs to herd these stray electrons into an electric current. This involves creating an electrical imbalance within the cell, which acts a bit like a slope down which the electrons will flow in the same direction.Creating this imbalance is made possible by the internal organization of silicon.

  22. Question 10 (3 points) When light hits .........., energy turns into an electric current: A. photons B. electrons C. silicon D. metals or insulators

  23. (Q1)Different ways to harness the sun's energy • There are three different ways to harness the sun's energy: • passive solar, • active solar • and photovoltaic systems. • Passive solar is the capturing and storing the suns' energy - light and heat - without the use of any mechanical devices. As the solar radiation strikes floors, walls, and other objects within the room it is converted to heat. A good example of a passive solar energy system is a greenhouse.

  24. Question 1 (2 points) Passive solar-powered homes have: A. photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity B. sun-capture systems which power generators C. windows that allow the sun's heat to enter and warm the house

  25. (Q2)Different ways to harness the sun's energy • There are three different ways to harness the sun's energy: • passive solar, • active solar • and photovoltaic systems. • Active solar uses devices to collect, store, and circulate heat produced from solar energy. Active solar energy technologies convert sunlight into heat by using a particular energy transfer fluid. This is most often water or air but can also be a variety of other substances.

  26. Question 2 (2 points) Active solar-powered homes have: A. photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity B. sun-capture systems which power generators C. windows that allow the sun's heat to enter and warm the house

  27. (Q3)Different ways to harness the sun's energy • There are three different ways to harness the sun's energy: • passive solar, • active solar • and photovoltaic systems. • Photovoltaic systemsdirectly convert sunlight into electricity using a semiconductor material such as silicon. The electrical energy from PVs can be stored in batteries for use when there is no sun (during cloudy days or at night).

  28. Question 3 (2 points) What are photovoltaic cells made of? A. thin slices of semiconductor materials B. thin slices of rubber C. thin slices of microchips

  29. (Q4) First solar power aircraft In 1981, Paul Macready produced the first solar powered aircraft. The aircraft used more than 1600 cells, placed on its wings. The aircraft flew from France to England.

  30. Question 4 (2 points) The first solar power aircraft was produced in: A. 1983 B. 1982 C. 1981

  31. (Q5)THE FLIGHT OF SOLAR POWERED AIRCRAFT HELIOS Helios (the name means sun in Greek) set out from Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands before 9:00 AM on Monday, August 13, 2001. Just over seven hours later, it reached 96,500 feet. Flying at about 25 miles an hour, the mission lasted nearly 17 hours. Helios had about 62,000 solar cells across the wing. The solar cells collect energy from the Sun and convert it to electricity, which runs the 14 small motors. The motors turn the 14 propellers, which are specially designed to pull the aircraft aloft even in the very thin air that's 18 miles high.

  32. Question 5 (2 points) How many solar cells were used for the flight of Helios? A. 65,000 B. 62,000 C. 63,000

  33. (Q6) Solar cell efficiency The basic PV or solar cell typically produces only a small amount of power. To produce more power, solar cells can be connected in series to make a PV module. Solar cells or more photovoltaic modules form a PV array. The amount of power solar panels produce is determined by the quality of the solar panel, solar cells and technology used in making the solar panel. Conventional PV solar panels made from silicon wafers convert about 14 to 17 percent of sunlight into usable electricity. The latest solar panels that utilize the new cell can convert into electricity 22 percent of the sunlight they collect.

  34. Question 6 (2 points) In the latest years solar technology has advanced and the latest solar panels can convert into electricity …………… percent of the sunlight they convert A. 17 B. 22 C. 25

  35. (Q7) Silicon Silicon, a tetravalent metalloid, is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.

  36. Question 7 (2 points) Silicon is the ……………….. most common element in the universe by mass A. eighth B. second C. sixth

  37. (Q8) The Photovoltaic module The heart of every PV system is the array of photovoltaic modules. Today, the overwhelming majority of PV modules (more than 95%) are crystalline silicon, made from the second most abundant element on earth.

  38. Question 8 (2 points) The Photovoltaicmoduleis A. a groupofphotovoltaiccells B. thephotovoltaicgenerator C. theinverter

  39. (Q9)TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS Solar panels work through what is called a photovoltaic process – where radiation energy is absorbed and generates electricity (voltaic). Radiation energy is absorbed by semi conductor cells – normally silicon – and transformed from photo energy (light) into voltaic (electrical current).When the sun’s radiation hits a silicon atom, a photon of light energy is absorbed, ‘knocking off’ an electron. These released electrons create an electric current. The electric current then goes to an inverter, which converts the current from DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current).The system is then connected to the mains power or electricity grid.

  40. Question 9 (2 points) Electric current is created when A. a silicon atom 'knocks off' an electron B. a photon of light energy 'knocks off' an electron C. a solar sell 'knocks off' an electron

  41. (Q10)The first solar cell During this time several inventions were made that contributed to the evolution of solar energy use. First in 1883 the first solar cell was introduced. The cell was to be wrapped with selenium wafers. Later in 1887 there was the discovery of the ultraviolet ray capacity to cause a spark jump between two electrodes. This was done by Heinrich Hertz. Later, in 1891 the first solar heater was created.

  42. Question 10 (2 points) The first solar cell was constructed in: A. 1839 B. 1891 C. 1883

  43. (Q1) SOLAR CELLS: HISTORY AND USE Solar cells produce direct current (DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters. Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/phase.

  44. Question 1 (1 point) Solar (photovoltaic) cells produce direct current (DC) power: True or False?

  45. (Q2) CATEGORIES OF SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy falls into three main categories: solar photovoltaic electricity, passive solar and solar thermal energy. All of them produce energy without releasing pollution particles or chemicals into the air. Photovoltaic cells are often called PVs for short. They absorb sunlight and turn it into electricity without using any moving parts. Instead, they use a chemical reaction to produce energy. Passive solar uses the sun for lighting and heat, also without moving parts. There are different kinds of passive solar devices. Some absorb sunlight and then slowly release it, even after the sun sets. Others simply bring as much light as possible into a room. A window can be a passive solar device. Solar thermal systems also collect the sun's energy, but they use mechanical devices to move water or air across surfaces that have absorbed sunlight to heat them.

  46. Question 2 (1 point) Solar thermal systems don’t require moving parts to work. True or False?

  47. (Q3) SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS In a solar power system (also known as a photovoltaic system), power is produced for your home using a 3-part system. Solar panels, usually placed on your roof and facing south in the northern hemisphere, absorb sunlight and convert it into direct current. Mounting systems adjust the angle of your solar panels, to optimize energy absorption. Then an inverter converts the power from direct current to alternating current, making it usable for household appliances.

  48. Question 3 (1 point) The inverter converts the power from direct current to alternating current True or False?

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