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Fusions:

Fusions:. Rock and the World. Fusion. As rock dominates popular music in U.S. and Europe, other types of music have to Reject influence Incorporate rock into national or established styles = fusion. Rock Fusions - Types. Fusion popular mostly in country of native music

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Fusions:

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  1. Fusions: Rock and the World

  2. Fusion • As rock dominates popular music in U.S. and Europe, other types of music have to • Reject influence • Incorporate rock into national or established styles • = fusion

  3. Rock Fusions - Types • Fusion popular mostly in country of native music • Ex. Yoruban Highlife • Popularity outside of native country • Become part of rock mainstream

  4. Jazz-Rock Fusion • Jazz influence on solos, individual songs • Bands or artists whose sound is heavily influenced by jazz • Ex: Chicago, Blood, Sweat and Tears • Jazz artists incorporate rock beats, ensembles into modern jazz

  5. Miles Davis • Jazz trumpeter • Innovator of many different jazz styles • Bebop • Cool jazz • Free jazz • Album Bitches’ Brew primary testament of jazz-rock fusion • Ex: Pharoah’s Dance

  6. World music fusions • “World music” popular in U.S. from early 20th c. • Afro - Cuban dances: mambo, rhumba • Brazilian: samba • Sixteen-beat style beat • Complicated rhythmic interplay between parts

  7. Latin-Rock fusion • Little influence beyond Latin rhythms, percussion • More directly influences jazz, blues, R&B • Influence on rock delayed until 1960s

  8. Carlos Santana (1947- ) • Mexican-born guitarist • Forms Santana Blues Band in San Francisco in 1966 • Fused blues and Afro-Cuban rhythms • Heavy Latin flavor

  9. Santana - Style characteristics • Rhythmic layering • Two conga drummers + auxiliary Latin percussion + rock drummer • Drums frequently create cross-rhythms, polyrhythms • Little to no emphasis on backbeat • Organ/electric keyboards integral part of sound • Lyrics sometimes in Spanish

  10. Santana - Oye Como Va • Cover of mambo by Tito Puente • Opening organ riff – Latin rhythms • As is bass riff – but don’t coincide • Guitar riff laid over that • Distortion, pedal effects • Riff drops out under vocals • Forms basis for solos, bridges

  11. Reggae • Most popular world music/rock fusion • imported from Jamaica in early 70s • Huge influence on rock, popular music

  12. Roots of Reggae • Jamaican musicians in late ‘50s-’60s start to play American R&B • Some bands fuse R&B and jump blues with mento • Jamaican folk music • Resulting fusion = ska

  13. Ska • 4 beat style beat, like swing • Accent on afterbeats = in between beats (1 and 2 and3 and4 and) • Creates overall sense of delay • Little emphasis on the bass

  14. Derrick Morgan - Lover Boy • Most ska includes horns • Influenced by Mexican Mariachi • Often R&B influenced sax solos • Another example – Prince Buster – “Madness”

  15. Rock Steady • Emerges c. 1965 • Ska influenced by Stax soul • Gospel influence, call-and-response vocals • Heavier bass lines • Slower, more flexible rhythmically • Example – Derrick Morgan, “Tougher than Tough”

  16. Jamaican rock fusion in UK • First: UK hit My Boy Lollipop - Millie Small (1963) • produced by Chris Johnson, founder of Island Records • More exposure on radio than in Jamaica • Ska and rock steady disseminated via “sound systems”

  17. Toasting and Dubbing • Sound system DJs lay down rhythmic patter over intro to ska and rock steady records = toasting • DJs start to manipulate record to extend, alter intro • dubbing • Eventually dubs(heavily produced remixes of singles or new instrumentals) recorded in studio

  18. Reggae • From Toots and the Maytals “Do the Reggay” • Slow, loping tempo • Greater rhythmic complexity than rock steady • Supported by syncopated bass riffs • normally avoid first beat of bar

  19. Popularity of Reggae • Reggae rhythms arrived in U.S., U.K. by 1970 • Johnny Nash, I Can See Clearly Now • Paul Simon, Mother and Child Reunion • First Jamaican reggae star Jimmy Cliff • Several modest hits in U.K. • Stars in 1972 film The Harder They Come • Cult hit in the U.S.

  20. Bob Marley (1945-81) • Lead singer of the Wailers • First album, Catch a Fire, first real reggae album. • Second – Burnin’ – hit in U.S. • Exposure from Clapton’s cover of “I Shot The Sheriff”

  21. Bob Marley - Characteristics • Lyrics political/social commentary • Rastafarianism • Social justice • Keyboards crucial part of ensemble • Jamaican percussion plays prominent role • Moderate to slow tempos

  22. Bob Marley and the Wailers - Get Up, Stand Up • Very socially conscious lyrics • Several layers of rhythmic activity • Bass riff (different in verse, refrain) • Ska beat in cymbal, guiro • Keyboard • Drums (rock beat) • Thick, dense texture • Primary interest rhythmic

  23. Reggae - Influence • Reggae-inspired hits common in late 70s-early 80s: Paul Simon, Blondie, Stevie Wonder, Police • Crucial component of late ‘70s-early ‘80s post-punk new wave

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