Community Based Recovery Process: Lessons and Challenges

Community Based Recovery Process: Lessons and Challenges Rajib Shaw Associate Professor Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University E-mail: shaw@global.mbox.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp Web: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/

Overview of PresentationKey Community Based Recovery Lessons • Role of People and Communities: Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan • Community Based Planning and Institutionalizing Lessons from Recovery Process: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India • Participatory Housing Reconstruction: Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, 2004, Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006: Indonesia

Kobe Earthquake 17th January 1995 • Major disaster in a high density urban area • No previous record of earthquake in the region • Low preparedness in people and government • High concentration of old wooden houses • Widespread fire in certain locations • Casualty in certain age groups • Demography of the region affected the rescue and relief work

Neighbors As the First Respondents

Volunteer Activities • 1995: Year Zero of the New Era of Voluntary Activities and Civil Society

Roles of Voluntary Organizations

Kobe Action Plan

Emergence of Civil Society • Emergence of future civil society • Cooperation of people, NGOs and governments

Key Lesson from Kobe Earthquake • People and Communities as key for recovery process • Self-reliance and self-support • Understand, Assess and Build on existing social capital • Enhanced civil society initiatives

IndiaGujarat Earthquake 2001 Key Earthquake Issues • Vulnerability Atlas of India: Earthquake Hazard Map • Earthquake hit area is in the most hazard prone are in the seismic hazard map of India • Knowledge about the risk of the area • Building Codes of India • Building codes for engineered buildings and guidelines for non-engineered buildings exist Gap between knowledge and practice

Urban Less Engineered ?

Rural Housing and Schools

Housing Recovery Masons Training Shake Table Tests Training & Demonstration Safer Construction PNY Interventions at Community Level Habitat Recovery Improving Living Condition Water Management Livelihood Security Health & Education Disaster as a Development OpportunityNot just rebuilding houses, but rebuilding lives Civil Society/ NGO Local Government Researchers/ Practitioners International Agencies

Habitat Planning: Improving Living Condition • Step 1: Community Assessment: Prioritizing NEEDS • Step 2: Community Planning: Developing Action Plans • Step 3: Community Actions: Implementing specific actions

Housing Reconstruction: Process Focused Ownership is the key issue: Involvement of House owner and Family

Housing Reconstruction: Confidence Building

Housing Reconstruction: Institutionalizing Trained Masons: What Next ? • Sustainability • Development Needs • Livelihoods SEEDS Mason Association (SMA) • Improving livelihoods: enhancing job security • Recognition and brand name: creating market • Partnership of Government, NGO, Corporate Sectors: ensuring sustainability

Key Lessons: Gujarat Earthquake • Information management as the key of the informed decision making • District, village link/ Link to the professional societies/ Link to NGO activities • Link to other hazards (drought, flooding) • Planning and training should go hand-in-hand • Institutionalize knowledge base should be part of the recovery policy from the very beginning

Indian Ocean Tsunami and Yogyakarta Earthquake North Sumatra and Indian Ocean Tsunami (Aceh) Date：26 December 2004 Magnitude：9.0 Location：Sea coast widely spread Death: 130,000 people died Housing Damage: 130,000 need new house Local Characteristics: Conflict area BRR is newly established Disaster Claimed:International Disaster Central Java Earthquake (Yogyakarta) Date：27 May 2006 Magnitude：5.9 Location：Large damage but concentrated Death: 5,700 people died Housing Damage: 157,000 houses destroyed Local Characteristics: Poor agricultural region Traditional Culture (Gotong Royong) Strong Local Government (Sultan) Disaster Claimed:National Disaster

National Government Policy and Guideline Budgeting Guidance and permission Quality control Coordination Cost Local Government Assessment Project formulation Management Aid organization Technical Support Organization Process Training of Facilitator Quality control Facilitator Socio-cultural concern Quality Facilitation Community Assessment Grouping Planning Construction Quality control Prioritizationof activity Cooperative responsibility Contractor base Flexibility of Planning Levels of participation Participation Locality Contribution Coordination Time Interrelationship Implementation activities Diagram of Different Actors and Contribution

Project Process

Effectiveness of Community based recovery Influencing factor • Government’s initiative • Damage of disaster • Existing community ties and historical and social background of community

Key Lessons and Issues • Establishing the Context: Build on existing social capital and community ties: Lessons from Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan • Develop a system to evaluate social capital • Planning and Institutionalizing: Appropriate habitat planning: habitat (house), health, livelihood: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India • Provide confidence in local knowledge and technology • Information management as the key for informed decision making • Institutionalize knowledge base • Collective Implementation: Participatory housing recovery: Indian Ocean Tsunami, Aceh, 2004 and Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006, Indonesia • Training of Facilitators (Technical and Social) • Synergy of Community Based Monitoring System and Independent Technical Audit • Balance of cost, speed, quality, management and socio-cultural dimension

Community Based Recovery Process: Lessons and Challenges