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Ecotoxicology Overview

Ecotoxicology Overview. TVA-KINGSTON Fly Ash release environmental research symposium March 11 – 12, 2010 Rick M. sherrard, P h. D. Tennessee Valley Authority. TOPICS. Ecotoxicology Studies conducted by TVA independent laboratories Brief summary results of studies to date

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Ecotoxicology Overview

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  1. Ecotoxicology Overview TVA-KINGSTON Fly Ash release environmental research symposium March 11 – 12, 2010 Rick M. sherrard, Ph.D. Tennessee Valley Authority

  2. TOPICS Ecotoxicology Studies conducted by TVA independent laboratories Brief summary results of studies to date Studies conducted by other laboratories Ongoing and future studies planned Laboratory challenges in working with ash Gaps in knowledge

  3. What is Ecotoxicology? “In the broadest sense of the word, an ecotoxicologist is one who carries out toxicity testing on any component of any ecosystem.” Cairns, 1989 Ecotoxicity studies are designed to employ ecological attributes to assess toxicity Goal of the assessment – to protect entire ecosystems, not isolated components

  4. TVA-Sponsored StudiesConducted by Independent Laboratories Phase I: April through June 2009 • Vibracore® • Dredge Plume • Plant Stilling Pond Effluent (Outfall 001) Phase II: August 2009 to present • Dredge Plume • Plant Stilling Pond Effluent (Outfall 001) Focus: • Assess the potential for short-term effects associated with removing ash from the Emory River

  5. Phase ISampling and Analyses Toxicological Monitoring Whole Sediment Toxicity Evaluation Elutriate Toxicity Evaluation Plume Toxicity Evaluation Polymer Toxicity Evaluation (Stilling Pond Effluent)

  6. Samples Vibracore® upstream and downstream Vb.1, Vb.2 – 3/17/09 Vb.3, Vb.4 – 6/11-12/09 Cores composited, homogenized Stored in 19-L plastic buckets at 4ºC Holding time = 8 weeks Re-homogenized prior to use Lab control CRM 189.0 Unaffected Emory River water controls, overlay, diluent

  7. Duration: 10 d Temperature: 23 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Sed. Volume: 100 mL Water Volume: 175 mL Renewal: 2 vol. add./d Age: 7 – 14-d No./Chamber: 10 No. Replicates: 8 Feeding: YCT 1 mL/d Endpoints: Survival, Growth Acceptance: ≥ 80% Hyalella azteca Survival and Growth Test for Sediments

  8. Duration: 5 d & 10 d Temperature: 24 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 24 dark Sed. Volume: 20 mL Water Volume: 200 mL Renewal: 5d-0 10d-1 Age: < 8 d No./Chamber: 10 No. Replicates: 5 Feeding: every 3 d Endpoint: Survival Acceptance: ≥ 90% Freshwater Juvenile MusselSurvival Test for Sediments(Lampsilis siliquoidea, L. cardium)

  9. Duration: 4 d Temperature: 23 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Sed. Volume: 100 mL Water Volume: 175 mL Renewal: 2 vol. add./d Age: Adults No./Chamber: 10 No. Replicates: 4 Feeding: None Endpoint: Burrowing, Survival Acceptance: ≥ 90% Lumbriculus variegatus Survival Test for Sediments(qualifying test for 28-d bioaccumulation test)

  10. Duration: 28 d Temperature: 20 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Sed. Volume: > 5 L Water Volume: 15 L Renewal: 50% 3/wk Size: 0.5-1.5 g WTW No./Chamber: ~ 30 No. Replicates: 5 Feeding: None Endpoint: Bioaccum. Acceptance: Mass Corbicula fluminea Bioaccumulation Test for Sediments

  11. Duration: 96 h Temperature: 25 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Water Vol.: 15 mL min Renewal: None Age: < 24 h No./Chamber: 5 No. Replicates: 5 Feeding: Prior / 48 h Concentrations: Non-Centrifuged 5 (0-100%); Centrifuged 1 (100%) Controls: ERW, MHSW Endpoint: Survival Acceptance: ≥ 90% Ceriodaphnia dubia Survival Testfor Elutriates

  12. Duration: 96 h Temperature: 25 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Water Vol.: 200 mL min Renewal: None Age: < 24 h No./Chamber: 10 No. Replicates: 5 Feeding: Prior / 48 h Concentrations: Non-Centrifuged 5 (0-100%); Centrifuged 1 (100%) Controls: ERW, MHSW Endpoint: Survival Acceptance: ≥ 90% Pimephales promelas Survival Testfor Elutriates

  13. Duration: 10 d Temperature: 24 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 24 dark Sed. Volume: 20 mL clean Water Volume: 200 mL Renewal: 1 (day 6) Age: < 8 d No./Chamber: 10 No. Replicates: 5 Feeding: every 3 d Concentrations: Non-Centrifuged 5 (0-100%); Centrifuged 1 (100%) Controls: ERW, MHSW Endpoint: Survival Acceptance: ≥ 90% Freshwater Juvenile MusselSurvival Test for Elutriates(Lampsilis siliquoidea, L. cardium)

  14. Duration: 3 broods Temperature: 25 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Water Vol.: 15 mL min Renewal: Daily Age: < 24 h No./Chamber: 1 No. Replicates: 10 Feeding: Once daily Concentrations: 5 (0-100%) Controls: ERW, MHSW Endpoints: Survival, Reproduction Acceptance: ≥ 80% survival, ≥15 neos/survivor Ceriodaphnia dubiaSurvival and Reproduction Testfor Emory River Plume and Outfall 001

  15. Duration: 7 d Temperature: 25 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Water Vol.: 250 mL min Renewal: Daily Age: < 24 h No./Chamber: 10 No. Replicates: 4 Feeding: Twice daily Concentrations: 5 (0-100%) Controls: ERW, MHSW Endpoints: Survival, Growth Acceptance: ≥ 80% survival, 0.25 mg growth Pimephales promelas Survival and Growth Test for Emory River Plume and Outfall 001

  16. Phase IISampling and Analyses Weekly (Aug – Sept) Biweekly (Oct – present) Plume: grab samples Outfall 001: 24-h composites Unaffected Emory River water controls, diluent

  17. Duration: 96 h Temperature: 25 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Water Vol.: 15 mL min Renewal: At 48 h Age: < 24 h No./Chamber: 5 No. Replicates: 5 Feeding: Prior / 48 h Concentrations: 5 (0-100%Controls: ERW, MHSW Endpoint: Survival Acceptance: ≥ 90% Ceriodaphnia dubia Survival Testfor Emory River Plume and Outfall 001

  18. Duration: 96 h Temperature: 25 ± 1ºC Photoperiod: 16 / 8 Water Vol.: 200 mL min Renewal: At 48 h Age: < 24 h No./Chamber: 10 No. Replicates: 5 Feeding: Prior / 48 h Concentrations: 5 (0-100%) Controls: ERW, MHSW Endpoint: Survival Acceptance: ≥ 90% Pimephales promelas Survival Testfor Emory River Plume and Outfall 001

  19. TVA Phase I Summary Results: Ash Samples Vb.3, Vb.4 Ash Composites Vb.1, Vb.2 Ash Composites • Whole ash • H. azteca: adverse effects • L. variegatus: can’t burrow • L. siliquoidea: effects limited to 1 of 4 tests • C. fluminea: no bioaccumulation Elutriates: no effects • Whole ash • H. azteca: adverse effects • L. variegatus: can’t burrow • L. cardium: effects in one 5-d test and one 10-d test • C. fluminea: no bioaccumulation Elutriates: mixed bag

  20. TVA Phase I & II Summary Results:Plume and Outfall 001 Samples No adverse effects in tests with exposures to plume samples Only one Outfall 001 sample to date resulted in decreased survival to C. dubia (but not P. promelas) Pathogen interference is being dealt with appropriately through parallel testing of UV-treated and untreated test solutions

  21. Other Ecotoxicological Studies USACE – ERDC 10-d larval fish elutriate bioassay 10-d juvenile fish elutriate bioassay Bioaccumulation & health indicators USGS, USFWS Whole sediment and elutriate studies with benthic invertebrates H. azteca, Villosa iris, Lampsilis fasciola, Chironomus dilutus 10-d, 28-d

  22. Studies Planned by TVA Independent laboratory bioavailability study with H. azteca and C. dubia Whole ash, porewater only With and without resin treatment ORNL early life stages effects study with fish Task 1: Fish embryo-larval toxicity tests of fly ash Task 2: Longer-term exposures to fly ash in the laboratory Task 3: Evaluating early life stage success in fly ash exposed fish populations

  23. Challenges: Ecotoxicological Studies of Kingston Fly Ash Site Site location Water characteristics of converging rivers Native sediment characteristics Behavior of ash in storage and test chambers Pathogen interference in Emory River water

  24. Reference Control Sediment Currently using clean sediment from Clinch River Mile 189.0 for comparisons To date, TVA has: Attempted to formulate sediment Considered ash washing Incorporated ion-exchange resin treatment

  25. Homogenizing Whole Ash Samples In storage, ash settles and compacts, porewater surfaces Water poured off Stainless steel beater with teeth on bottom chips away at ash Water content decreases toward bottom of container Entire contents blended into pourable slurry

  26. Well-documented in Kingston Fossil Plant NPDES WET monitoring history Interrupted concentration-response High variability in mortality between replicates Greater effect on Emory River controls and lower concentrations Pathogen Interference in P. promelas Exposures with Emory River Water

  27. All P. promelas tests with Emory River water Parallel exposures (with and without UV treatment) Dilutions prepared first, split, then treated individually Treatment durations are 2, 3.5, or 5 min based on turbidity Interrupted concentration-response and high variation between replicates - invalidated Ultraviolet Treatment of Test Solutions Prepared with Emory River Water

  28. Laboratory Reported: Organism stress as early as 48 h, including MHSW controls At 96 h, large masses of “debris” (fungal filaments with colonies of protozoa) Test organisms entangled in debris Sporadic mortality among replicates in most test treatments Source could be test organism supplier or Emory River water Pathogen Interference in L. cardium Exposures with Vb.3 and Vb. 4

  29. Suggestions Avoid “tunnel vision” – other constituents can cause effects Better understanding of fate characteristics of ash constituents Ash is not a natural sediment but models that we use to predict toxicity and assess risks are based on studies with natural sediments Remember to use a weight of evidence approach Conduct studies in a scientifically-defensible manner

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