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Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics

Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269 Glass, Ceramics and Mankind History Discovered in prehistory by unknown inventor Reconstructions of old civilizations

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Solid State Chemistry via Glass and Ceramics

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  1. Solid State Chemistryvia Glass and Ceramics John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth Chemistry Department University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269

  2. Glass, Ceramics and Mankind • History • Discovered in prehistory by unknown inventor • Reconstructions of old civilizations • Food and beverage storage

  3. Current technology • Fiber Optics • LC, electroluminescent, and plasma displays • Chemistry • Electric insulators • Superconductors • Electronic components • Household goods

  4. Glass • GLASS • Quartz • Coefficient of expansion 8 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC • Softening point 1500oC • 7740 Pyrex • 80.5% SiO2 • 12.9% B2O3 • 3.8% Na2O • 0.4% K2O • 2.2% Al2O3 • Coefficient of expansion 33 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC • Softening point 820oC • Working point 1200oC • Container Glass • 74.1% SiO2 • 1.8% Al2O3 • 8.8% CaO • 1.4% MgO • 13.0% Na2O • 0.4% K2O • Coefficient of expansion 92 x 10−7 cm/cm/oC • Softening point 696 oC • Working point 1000 oC

  5. Quartz • STRUCTURES OF SiO2 • Quartz, α and β (to 870oC) • Tridymite ( 870oC to 1470oC) • Cristobalite (1470oC to 1710oC)

  6. Beta quartz

  7. Tridymite, cristobalite

  8. Silicates • SILICATE “ISLAND” STRUCTURES • Orthosilicates • Be2SiO4 phenacite • (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 olivine • ZrSiO4 zircon • R3IIR2III(SiO4)3 garnet • Pyrosilicates • Sc2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 180o • Gd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 159o • Nd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si = 133o • Nets • 1 connection dimer as above • 2 connection chain or ring • 3-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or 3 dimensional “infinite” structure • 4-connection 2 dimensional “infinite” structure or 3-dimensional “infinite” structure

  9. Representations • To understand the structure of a three dimensional solid, more than one representation is needed • It is not possible to display all structural elements using a single model

  10. Three Views • 1. Classical Molecular view of P4O10

  11. Ball and stick

  12. 2. Polyhedral View

  13. 3. Sphere Packing View

  14. More Examples • REPRESENTATIONS OF SOLID STATE STRUCTURES • Ball and Stick • P4O10 Picture • NaCl Picture • Zinc Blende Picture • Polyhedral • P4O10 Picture • NaCl Picture • Zinc Blende Picture • Close Packed • P4O10 Picture • NaCl Picture • Zinc Blende Picture

  15. Diamond (Zincblende)

  16. ZnS, polyhedral

  17. ZnS, close packed

  18. NaCl, ball and stick

  19. NaCl, polyhedral

  20. Ceramics • Quartz • Shown earlier • Feldspar • Kaolin

  21. Ceramics • FELDSPAR • Plagioclase feldspars • NaAlSi3O8 albite • CaAl2Si2O8 anorthite • Paracelsian • Ba(Al2Si2O8)

  22. Feldspars

  23. Kaolin and asbestos

  24. Kaolin, 2D view

  25. 2-connected

  26. 3-connected

  27. 4-connected

  28. Nets • 4-connected, two dimensional net • HgI • 4-connected, three dimensional net • Diamond, zincblende shown earlier

  29. HgI

  30. Li2Si2O5

  31. Thorium disilicide

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