TRANSPORTATION

1. TRANSPORTATION

2. Exploring Our World • Humans have needed transportation since the first man walked the earth • Around 3500 BC the wheel was invented in Middle east • Horses, horse-drawn wagons were the early form of transportation • By late 1400s boat were used by Phoenicians and Scandinavians for exploration • Steam engine came into used during industrial revolution • Today ---- we have SST (supersonic transport) Concorde • Entering a new age of space exploration

3. WORLD: A Global Village • Fast & cheap transportation has brought people and their culture closer to others • Transportation technology has made Tourism possible • People must commute or travel on a regular basis to get to work • Suburbs have grown around cities

4. Recourses for Transportation • Energy • Earlier form uses wind, human or animal power etc. … Now its Internal Combustion engine using gasoline or electrical motors using electricity with Transmission or drive • People • Information • Design of transportation sys., Information about Road signs, routes, communication systems • Materials • Composites and advanced materials are extensively used now a days • Tools and Machines • Support and maintenance equipment • Capital • Building ports, airports, roadways and cars, airplanes are costly • Time • Travel time depends on distance and technology… Mass transit, Airline scheduling etc.

5. Types of Transportation Systems • Transportation systems are alike in some senses and different in another • One carry people (cars, airplanes) other carry goods (oil pipe line, conveyors etc.) • Subsystems: • Various subsystems can be joined together to form different systems e.g., diesel engine and floating hull can be put together to form a boat

6. Land Transportation • Steam powered vehicles • Nicolos-Joseph in 1769 first made a vehicle powered by steam engine • First railroad to use steam was opened in England in 1830 • The engine used to pull the train up to 30 miles/hour carrying both people and cargo. • The railroad network sprang during this period in USA also. • See page 431– Steam engine • By late 1800s train speeds reached 100 miles/hour • Gasoline powered vehicle • In 1876 Nickolas Otto invented the internal combustion engine based on gasoline. Chapter 14

8. Land Transportation • Diesel Powered Vehicles • Diesel engine came around early 1900s • Similar to gasoline except for the spark plugs • Electric Vehicles • The concept of electric car is as old as steam engines (1839) • Main problem with electric cars is the low battery storage • Electric powered train use electrical lines to get power supply

9. Water Transportation • People have always traveled on streams, rivers and lakes. • What makes a boat float • Buoyancy (force pushing submerged objects upwards) • Buoyancy is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the water • If Buoyancy is equal to weight of the object, it will float on water… • Steam Powered ships • In 1807, Robert Fulton build a ship powered by steam… The Clermont • Modern Ships • Better hull design and engines made the ships faster. • In 1952 S.S. United States took only 3 days, 10 hours and forty minutes to cross the Atlantic • Ship passenger travel has decreased over the years • However, ships still carry the most intercontinental freights from automobiles to Bananas

11. Water Transportation • Submersibles • Submersibles or submarines can operate on or under water because they can change their buoyancy. • This is done filling in or out water into tanks • These submarine need withstand huge power • at 33 feet water exerts 14.7 lbs/in • at 66 feet water exerts 29.4 lbs/in (doubled) • Hydrofoil and air cushion vehicles • Hydrofoils or air cushion vehicles (ACVs) are the vehicles that raises up in the water as it goes faster, reducing water resistance as a result. • ACVs uses large fans to air under the boat lifting it on a cusion of air