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Dr. Victor Polanco C.

Cisgenesis, a New Tool for Plant Breeding, Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms. Dr. Victor Polanco C. Plant Biotechnology-Plant Breeding. Plant Biotechnology. “in vitro” Techniques Micropropagation Plant Regeneration Genetic Modification.

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Dr. Victor Polanco C.

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  1. Cisgenesis, a New Tool for Plant Breeding, Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms. Dr. Victor Polanco C.

  2. Plant Biotechnology-Plant Breeding Plant Biotechnology • “in vitro” Techniques • Micropropagation • Plant Regeneration • Genetic Modification • Genomics Techniques • Genetic maps with molecular marker • Marker assisted selection • Sequencing of whole genomes • Isolation of particular genes Identification of genes • No-crossables species (Transgenes; Virus y bacteria) • Crops species of from crossables wild plant species (Cisgenes)

  3. Genetic Modification Of Plant • Transgenesis • Strict regulationes in all world (as described in Europe in EU Directive 2001/18/EC); Based on introduction of transgenes. • Opposition of organic farmers • Negative public perception of genetic modification • Transgenes

  4. Consumer Acceptance Of Genetically Modified Crops Attitude of consumers in USA; showed that the respondents would eat: i) vegetables with an extra gene from the same species (81%) ii) or from another vegetable species (61%) iii) while this was only 14% in case viral genes had been used. (Lusk and Sullivan, 2002). • EU-project entitled ‘Sustainable production of transgenic strawberry plants. Ethical consequences and potential effect on producers, environment and consumers’ (2003). 720 consumers in Norway, Denmark and the UK. .

  5. New Developments in Transformation Technology Consumer-Friendly Genetically Modified Organisms Wageningen University, The Netherland Dr. Henk Schouten • Cisgenesis Health promoting apple (MdMYB10). See www.cisgenesis.com

  6. Definition Cisgenesis is a genetic modification with one or more alleles from a sexually compatible donor plant. The inserted gene should • be under control of its native promoter. • contain its own introns and terminator. • So: one complete copy of genomic DNA. • No foreign genes, such as bacterial genes • Without selection genes coding for antibiotic and herbicide resistance. • Same genes as in classical breeding. • No linkage drag.

  7. Classical Breeding-Cisgenesis Classical Breeding • No-linkage drag • No-transgenes • Simple step • Easy and fast

  8. Cisgenesis Steps: • Isolate target gene (or allele) from donor plant • Bring this gene into a high quality cultivar (genetic modification) • Evaluate the cisgenic plants

  9. Incorporation of Cisgenesis Technology to Chile-INIA • Project: DEVELOPMENT OF CISGENIC APPLES WITH RESISTANCE TO Venturia inaequalis: INCORPORATION OF CISGENESIS TECHNOLOGY TO CHILE (2008-2011). • Fund • Consorcio de la Fruta. • Wageningen University and Research Center. • CONICYT. • Object Genes Vf1 Vf2 y Vf4 PRIMA “Variedad resistente a venturia” Royal Gala Granny Smith Nueva Variedad Resistente a Venturia

  10. Bring this gene into a high quality cultivar pMF1 Promotor Genes Vf Terminator “Clean Vector Systems”

  11. Genetic Transformation of Apples (Granny Smith and Royal Gala)

  12. Why cisgenesis? • Strong reduction of fungicides • In apple approx. 80 % of chemicals for crop protection against fungi • In wild apples many natural resistance genes present • Cisgenesis uses these natural genes for reduction of chemicals Cisgenesis utilizes natural resistance of plants

  13. Why cisgenesis? • Gain of time • Introduction of a gene from a wild apple plant • through classical breeding: approx 50 years. • through cisgenesis: approx 5 years, if the gene is isolated • Fast introduction of multiple genes for durable resistance is feasible. Cisgenesis gains time

  14. Why cisgenesis? • Specific • Only wanted alleles are introduced. No unwanted or unknown alleles (no linkage drag) • Original genetic make-up of the high quality cultivar is maintained. One or a few genes added. Important for self-incompatible plants, such as apple, pear, strawberry, banana, potato, and so on. Cisgenesis: intelligent breeding

  15. Why cisgenesis? • At least as safe as classical breeding, Only well known genes added • No foreign or unwanted genes • Cisgenesis respects natural crossing borders in the creation • Consumers generally prefer cisgenesis to transgenesis Cisgenic plants are at least as safe as classically bred plants Cisgenesis is the result of listening to ethical arguments and preferences

  16. Regulation EU

  17. Regulation Chile • Cisgenesis uses genetic modification as a tool. • Therefore regarded as GM in Regulation. • Resolution 1523/2001: Transgenic=Cisgenic.

  18. Frequently Raised Issue by Opponents: • Unpredictable insertion site • Unknown expression level • Possible knockout of a functional gene • Solution: make a series of plants (events), and test them thoroughly. Discard plants with unwanted symptoms.

  19. Conclusions • Why cisgenesis? • Natural genes from the crop species itself • Gain of time • Durable disease resistance for strong reduction of chemicals • High quality cultivar maintained • Gene flow to wild vegetations or crops no issue ???? • Preferred by consumers compared to transgenesis

  20. Muchas Gracias….

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