1. Chapter 15 – The Family • Socialization = teaching beliefs & customs • Who socializes children? - Parents - Teachers - Siblings/extended family - Peers - Media

2. Cultural Influences • Cultures - specific beliefs & behaviors • Universals - in behaviors children learn - in parents’ goals

3. ParentingSocialization Methods • Instruction = giving information (and encouragement)

4. Modeling = setting example • Disciplining = sanctioning behavior

5. Give Take Away Positive Positive Response Reinforcement Cost & Time Out Negative Punishment Negative Reinforcement

6. Positive Reinforcement = rewarding behavior - goal = increase good behavior **- best way to increase desired behavior

7. - social vs. physical/tangible reinforcers - social are best - less expensive - no need to remove - positive social interaction

8. Punishment = administer negative to reduce negative behavior - physical or verbal

9. Best to not use - associates parent with negative event - teaches aggression - is less effective

10. Especially ineffective if: - delayed - too mild or too intense - inconsistent - parents are not otherwise warm/loving

11. Response Cost/Time Out = remove something positive (attention, privileges, tangible things) - goal: decrease negative behavior ** best method - must be administered properly

12. Negative Reinforcement - NOT punishment = remove something aversive - goal: increase positive behavior - ineffective & negative strategy

13. Can increase positive behavior - give a positive (positive reinforcement) - remove negative (negative reinforcement) • Can decrease negative behavior - give a negative (punishment) - remove a positive (reponse cost)

14. Therapy with behaviorally-disturbed children/parents Parent Behavioral Training (PBT) - teach parents more effective strategies

15. Outcome - continued tantrums - parent gives in - parent teaches kid to have tantrum to get own way

16. Solution - extinguish tantrums - might increase before decrease

17. Other Processes • Reciprocal Influence - kid & parent influence each other - 1940s-50s: blame parent

18. Shaping - gradually reinforce closer approximations to the goal - parents & teachers often dislike

19. Parenting Styles • 2 dimensions - warmth & involvement - control • 4 styles

20. Warmth High Low High Authoritative Authoritarian Control Low Indulgent- Indifferent- Permissive Uninvolved

21. *Authoritative = firm & loving - rules with discussion - responsive to child’s needs - kids’ outcomes are best - “energetic-friendly”

22. Authoritarian = traditional; parents set rules - kids’ outcome: no initiative, lower grades & self-esteem - but few behavioral problems - “conflicted-irritable”

23. Indulgent-Permissive = few rules, rarely punish - very warm & involved - kids’ outcome: immature, poor self-control, poor academically - but good self-esteem - “impulsive-aggressive”

24. Indifferent-Uninvolved = reduced time & effort parenting - psychologically distant - kids’ outcome: little emotional control; most behavioral problems, probably worst self-esteem - hostile & rebellious as teens

25. Summary: - parenting style is strongly related to child behavior/outcome - moderate control and much warmth is best (love and limits)

26. Divorce • Prevalence - 40-50% of recent marriages

27. Impact Not just single event - The Divorce - marital conflict* - changes after divorce

28. Effects onParents - angry - isolated - financial problems - moms: edgy, impatient, punitive - dads: permissive & indulgent

29. Children - angry, depressed & afraid - guilty (preschoolers) - blame parents (adolescents) - whiny & disobedient - problems at school & with peers - vicious cycle between parent & child

30. Sex differences - worse on boys than girls - more behavioral problems, longer to recover - BUT may be easier to see boys’ problems - boys/girls better if live with same-sex parent

31. Staying together for the kids - poor idea - conflict, not divorce, causes the problems

32. Long-term effects - no clear evidence of when is best - better if friends from divorce - less optimistic about own marriage

33. Remarriage • Positive: better finances, partner • Negative: initial conflict & change • Sex difference: boys adjust better to stepfather • Stepmothers: tougher job initially because of active childrearing role • Younger children adapt better

34. Siblings • Relationships - much conflict - less conflict among same-sex pairs - relationship is more positive than negative - older siblings more domineering + more helpful/playful - sibling relations are closer/warmer + more conflictual

35. - viewed as more important than friends - less intense, more supportive in adolescence

36. Older Sibling Functions 1. Attachment objects 2. Social models 3. Teachers

37. Birth Order • First-born children - treated differently by parents & have different experiences - more likely to feel sibling rivalry

38. Outcomes related to birth order • Success - first-borns • Popularity - later-borns • Individual differences

39. Only Children • Not spoiled & selfish • More obedient & socially skilled • High self-esteem, low anxiety • Independent • Competent: higher in IQ/achievement

40. May gain from peers & parents what lose from siblings

41. China - teachers rated only kids same as others - parents rated only girls as depressed, moody, & temperamental - peers rated only children as more selfish, less cooperative, less liked

42. Abuse & Neglect Types • Physical abuse - physical injury • Sexual abuse - ANY sexual activity with a child

43. Psychological abuse - belittling, demeaning • Neglect - inadequate care & protection

44. Risk Factors • Child factors - behavior/temperament problems - premature birth/illness/deformities - male for physical, female for sexual

45. Parent factors - history of abuse - poor peer relations as a child - low self-esteem - low IQ - poor interpersonal skills - inability to control anger

46. Family/system factors - marital discord & divorce - single parenthood - poverty - unemployment - social isolation - divorce

47. Outcomes of Abuse • Personality - passive & obedient - negative, hostile - low self-esteem, withdrawn - difficulty with trust & attachment - worse for sexual abuse

48. Cognitive - worse memory & attention abilities - severe abuse => brain injury, lower IQ