Welcome to Psychology Unit 3

1. Welcome to Psychology Unit 3

2. FYI… • This year we have 2 Unit 3 & 4 Psychology classes. • Miss Maddock and Myself (Miss Hicks) will be running the classes. • The benefits: 2 exceptional (yes you read right) teachers, combined classes like this one and extra help for those who need it.

3. Our Aims… • Everyone to satisfactorily pass Unit 3 & 4 Psychology. Top results. • Help you to learn not only in but also other subjects

4. House rules (groan…) • Lateness. Once the music has stopped and you are not in the classroom, YOU ARE LATE. • Fill out the late form. • You are to then make up double the time you were late. • 3 late arrivals without a note you will receive a 25 minute lunchtime yard cleanup. • 5 late arrivals and you will receive an after school.

5. Lateness Name: Laura Hicks Homegroup: 12H

6. Absences. • YOU ARE ONLY ALLOWED 7 UNAPPROVED ABSENCES EACH UNIT. If you are going to be away for an approved absence eg. an excursion, tell us in advance. • If it is an absence because of illness you need a medical certificate and then need to visit Mr Tiffen to get an approval. The approval needs to be gained 24 hours after the absence. • After 4 unapproved absences we will contact home. • Over 7 unapproved absences = FAIL due to attendance • Keep up-to-date with your absences.

7. Absences form…

8. TheStudy Design • This should become your best friend… • Unit 3 is page 20-24. Only 5 pages long.

9. Outcome One: On completion of this unit the student should be able to explain the major functions of the brain including cortical lobes and hemispheric specialisation, and the role of the nervous system, and evaluate the strengths and limitations of brain research methods.

10. The Central Nervous System

11. Nervous System Central Nervous system Transmits and receives messages to and from the PNS Peripheral Nervous system Carries messages to and from the CNS Brain Organise, integrates and interprets neural messages Spinal Cord Connects brain and peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system Carries messages from the CNS to internal muscles, organs and glands Somatic nervous system Carries messages between the CNS and the body

12. The Human Brain

13. Brain facts… • The adult human brain weighs about 1300-1400 grams. • Humans have large brains relative to body weight. Close to the size of a large grapefruit or cantaloupe, the brain is 78% water, 10% fat, and 8% protein.

14. The brain accounts for only about 2% of the total weight of the human body, but constantly accounts for about 20% of its blood and oxygen use. • A living brain is so soft it can be cut with a butter knife • The brain in an unborn foetus grows some 250,000 new neurons every minute.

16. The human brain is an extremely complex structure. • Functions performed by specific structures within the brain are so interrelated that to study one brain structure in isolation misrepresents the complexity of how the whole brain operates. • For example, the apparently simple task of naming an object we are looking at involves many areas of the brain. • Memory • Language • Visually processing the information

17. Regions of the brainPage 44 in textbook • The brain can be divided into three parts: • The hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain

18. hindbrain • The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, the pons and the medulla, which function collectively to support vital bodily processes. • Medulla: has charge of largely unconscious, but vital functions, including circulating blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating reflexes such as sneezing, coughing, and salivating. • The Medulla is the part of the brain stem that connects the top of the spinal cord.

19. Hindbrain cont… • Pons: Located above the medulla is the pons which serves as a bridge to connect the brainstem and the cerebellum. • The pons is involved in coordinating voluntary muscle movements. • It is also part of the recticular activating system that increases attention and arousal, and wakes us from our sleep. • Cerebellum: means ‘little brain.’ It is critical to the coordination of movement and to the sense of balance. The Cerebellum also controls sequences of movement that have been learned so thoroughly that they occur too quickly and automatically to be controlled consciously. This is one of the structures first depressed by alcohol.

20. midbrain • The midbrain controls motor reactions such as reflective responses to auditory and visual information. • The reticular formation extends from the medulla (in the hindbrain) through the midbrain, up to the thalamus (in the forebrain). One of its rolls is to maintain an optimum level of arousal (state of alertness) in other parts of the brain. The reticular formation becomes inactive when we sleep.

21. forebrain The forebrain has several structures, but the cerebral hemispheres are the biggest and most obvious structure

22. The Human Brain

24. The structures of the cerebral cortex • A view of the outside of the brain shows convolutions, or folds. These folds are part of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the orange-peel-like outer covering of the brain. The folds allow the covering to maximize surface area.

25. In fact, if it were laid out, the cortex would be about the size of an unfolded single page from a daily newspaper or a 63 cm television screen. • It is only about 2 millimetres thick • The cerebral cortex contains about three-quarters of all neurons (nerve cells) in the brain.

26. The cerebral cortex is largely involved with information processing activities: • Language and speech • Learning • Memory • Thinking • Problem solving • Control of sensory and motor abilities. interpret music organise your study timetable plan for the future

27. Despite this wide range of functions, the cerebral cortex does not act alone. It operates like a team manager. • For example, it analyses and processes incoming information (from the different senses), communicates with other members of the management team (other areas of the brain) in making decisions about how best to respond, and send messages to the ‘team members’ (areas of the body) to carry out the appropriate actions.

28. Thecerebral cortexhas 3 main parts: • Various sensory areas (which receive information about vision, sound and the other senses), • The motor cortex (which transmits information about voluntary bodily movements) • And various association areas (which integrate sensory and motor information)

29. Cerebral hemispheres • Cerebral cortex is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres. • Almost symmetrical structures • Separated by a longitudinal fissure (deep groove) running from the front to the back of the brain. Longitudinal Fissure

30. Cerebral hemispheres cont. • The two sides are connected by bundles of nerve fibres, the largest known as thecorpus callosum. Called the left and right hemispheres.

31. Left hemisphere is dominant : Verbal tasks eg: language, speech and writing, and in analytical tasks such as mathematical problems. Right hemisphere is dominant: Non-verbal tasks Eg. Visualisation, spatial skills, and the recognition of patterns, faces and tunes. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. The two hemispheres do not function independently. Eg. Our memories and perceptions are unified.

32. has about 250 million nerve fibers. • corpus callosum allows each side of the brain to exchange information. • Most of the neural pathways from the sensory and motor cortices in the brain and the parts of the body to the other via the corpus callosum. • Eg. Temperature of water that you feel on your left fingers is sent to the right hemisphere sensory area.

33. Revision Questions • Where is the cerebral cortex located? • Of what does the cerebral cortex mainly consist? • What types of functions are performed y the cerebral cortex? • Describe the relationship that appears to exist between the size of the cerebral cortex and the capabilities and the capabilities of an organism. • Where is the corpus callosum located? • Of what does the corpus callosum mainly consist? • What key functions is performed by the corpus callosum?

34. Check homework… • Brain handout • What are the 4 major lobes? • Where are each of them

35. The lobes of the cerebral cortex • Cerebral cortex is divided into four anatomical regions called cortical lobes. • Cortical lobes are areas of the brain associated with different functions.

36. The lobes contain several primary cortical areas that include motor or sensory functions. • Each lobe also has association areas that integrate sensory and motor information from primary cortical areas and from other brain areas to assist with functions such as speech, problem solving and recognising objects. • READ: page 71-72 in textbook. • What is the primary sensory area? • Define the somatosensory cortex • What is and where is the primary motor area? • Describe what Association areas are.

37. Lobes of the cerebral cortex • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal

38. How can we remember the 4 lobes??? • F • P • O • T

39. The Frontal Lobe • Largest of the lobes • At the upper front part of the brain • The primary motor cortex is a strip of neural tissue involved in voluntary body movements • The Motor cortex is located at the rear of the frontal lobe, along the central fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes • Specific points along the motor cortex are involved with particular movements.

40. The Frontal Lobe cont • The frontal lobe is an association area which is involved with higher mental functions such as: • Judging • Planning • And using initiative • What else?

41. The primary motor cortex is a strip of neural tissue involved in voluntary body movements • The Motor cortex is located at the rear of the frontal lobe, along the central fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes • Specific points along the motor cortex are involved with particular movements. • HOMEWORK: • Complete Learning Activity 3 on page 73

42. Primary Motor Cortex Broca’s Area

43. The amount of cortex devoted to a particular body part corresponds to the complexity, or ‘fineness’, of it’s movements.

44. The Frontal Lobe cont • The frontal lobe is an association area which is involved with higher mental functions such as: • Judging • Planning • And using initiative • What else?...

45. The Frontal Lobe cont • Personality • The control of emotions and expression of emotional behaviour • Controls and coordinates many of the functions of the other lobes and determines many behavioural responses. • Why do some psychologists refer to the frontal lobe as having an ‘executive’ role in our thinking, feeling and behaviour?

46. Broca’s area • Paul Broca (1824-1880) identified the physical basis of speech production in the brain • Specific cortical area located in the left frontal lobe next to the motor cortex areas that control the muscles of the face, tongue, jaw and throat.

47. Is thought to be responsible fo the production of articulate speech; that is speech that is clear and flunt. Involved with coordinating movements of the muscles required for speech and supplying this information to the appropriate motor cortex areas. Linked to and interacts with areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved with the meaning of words and the structure of sentences , adjectives, prepositions and conjunctions. Broca’s area

48. Also involved with understanding the grammatical structure of a sentence that is heard or read in order to extract aspects of meaning that depend on that grammatical structure.

49. Gardner (1974) described a patient with Broca's aphasia, whom he called "David Ford." David was in his late 30s when interviewed by Gardner, and had been a radio operator in the Coast Guard until he suffered a stroke that put an end to his career. After the stroke, David experienced much difficulty producing written and spoken language. When he was able to produce words, he did so in a halting manner and made many mistakes. These problems are evident in Gardner's description of his initial interview with David soon after he entered the hospital:

50. I asked Mr. Ford about his work before he entered the hospital. “I’m a sig. . . no . . . man . . . uh, well, . . . again.” These words were emitted slowly, and with great effort. The sounds were not clearly articulated; each syllable was uttered harshly, explosively, in a throaty voice. With practice, it was possible to understand him, but at first I encountered considerable difficulty in this.“Let me help you,” I interjected. “You were a signal . . .”“A sig-nal man . . . right,” Ford completed my phrase triumphantly.“Were you in the Coast Guard?”“No, er, yes, yes . . . ship . . . Massachu . . . chusetts . . . Coastguard . . . years.” He raised his hands twice, indicating the number “nineteen.”“Oh, you were in the Coast Guard for nineteen years.”“Oh . . . boy . . . right . . .,” he replied.“Why are you in the hospital, Mr Ford?”