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Ancient Greece History Alive: Unit 5. Lesson 25: Geography & the Settlement of Greece. The Geography of Greece. What three bodies of water surround Greece to make it a peninsula?. Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula What is a peninsula?
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The Geography of Greece What three bodies of water surround Greece to make it a peninsula? • Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula • What is a peninsula? • This means that Greece is surrounded on all three sides by water. • Greece has a lot of smaller peninsulas sticking out from it, which means Greece enjoys many natural harbors.
Greece is also covered with mountains. They are not huge mountains but if you are trying to go from place to place in Greece, you'll find the mountains a bit difficult to travel. • Three thousand years ago, it was very difficult to get from place to place in ancient Greece by walking. But it was easy to get from place to place in ancient Greece by ship.
Ancient Greeks felt deep ties to the land, but the mountains and seas divided them from one another. As a result, early Greek communities grew up fiercely independent. Athens Sparta
What are the mountains in Greece like? • They are steep & rocky • Why was the sea important to the ancient Greeks? • They used the sea to establish colonies & trade with people from other lands • Why were ancient Greek communities isolated from one another? • Mountains which made travel & communication difficult • What were some of the dangers of travel? • Traveling by land included rocks that could shatter wooden wheels & attack by bandits • Traveling by sea included attack by pirates, robbery by sailors, and storms that could drive ships into rocks
In the ancient world, the Greeks became known as great sailors. They explored much of the Mediterranean Sea. They loved to establish new Greek cities. They traded with other countries around the Mediterranean. The Greeks created settlements overseas known as colonies.
Greek cities were founded around the Black Sea, North Africa, Italy, Sicily, France and Spain. Many tales and legends grew up about the strange lands and creatures that could be found across the sea. Minoan traders in Egypt
Meanwhile, back in mainland Greece, cities were thriving. The Greeks used the sea to their advantage. They had a wealth of seafood, fresh fish, and fresh drinking water. The Greeks were very happy with their land. Hey…that doesn’t sound right???
Ancient Greeks were fishers, sailors, traders, and farmers. • Although Greece’s rocky soil made it difficult to farm, people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes in the favorable climate.
A Move to Colonize • After the Dark Age, Greek people began to set up colonies in other countries. This colonization spread Greek culture. • Trade between colonists and the parent cities grew, and soon merchants were trading goods for money instead of more goods. • Colonists traded grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people in exchange for pottery, wine, and olive oil.
List three crops Greek farmers grew & three animals they raised. • Wheat and barley • Grapes and olives • Vegetables, fruits, and nuts • Sheep, goats, oxen, mules & donkeys & bees • Why did Greek settlements often fight one another? • They fought each other because there was a shortage of land • Why did the Greeks start colonies? • They needed more farmland to feed their people
Describe the steps the Greeks followed when they started a new colony? • 1st…consulted an oracle to see if they would be successful • 2nd…gathered food & supplies and took a flame from the town’s sacred fire & begin the long sea voyage • 3rd…find a safe place with good farmland and harbors • Why did some Greek settlements trade? • To get the goods they needed • What products from the Greek mainland were traded? What products did the Greeks get in exchange? • Olive, oil, pottery, and wine from the Greek mainland were traded • In exchange they got grain, timber, and metal
Wheat • Sheep • Wood • Beans • Pottery • Jewelry • Furniture • Peas • Cattle • Pigs • Leather • Walnuts • Olive oil • Silver • Honey • Marble
The Polis • A polis, or city-state, was like an independent country. City-states varied in size and population. • An acropolis, located at the top of a hill, was the main gathering place of the city-state. • An agora, or open area, served as a market and as a place for people to meet and debate issues.
Monarchy • Under a monarchy, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of ONE PERSON I lost power because I depended on the aristocrats to help me during war, but they demanded more power & finally overthrew me
The Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship, in which citizens of a country are treated equally and have rights and responsibilities. • In Greek city-states, only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens.
You guessed right… It’s him! • How does the Greek definition of a citizen compare to the modern idea of who is a United States citizen? • Only native-born, land-owning men could be citizens in Greece • In the U.S. men and women that are native born can be citizens… they don’t need to own property Which one of the people above could be a citizen during Ancient Greek times?
Oligarchy WE lost power because we ignored the needs of most of the people. We passed unpopular laws & used the army to enforce them. We passed laws that protected our wealth. • Under an oligarchy, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of a FEW PEOPLE The rich got richer, the poor got poorer, & eventually the poor turned to leaders in the army. These new leaders overthrew us.
The Polis • Citizens could vote, hold office, own property, and defend themselves in court. • The military of the city-states was made of ordinary citizens, not nobles. These citizens were called hoplites and fought each battle on foot instead of on horses.
Tyranny • Under a tyranny, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of ONE PERSON who is NOT a lawful ruler I lost power because sometimes I ruled harshly & ignored the needs of the people, and the people forced me out.
The soldiers would march in rows together, shoulder to shoulder. They would use their shields to create a protective wall. They gave their enemies few openings to defeat them. • Hoplites made good soldiers because, as citizens, they took pride in fighting for their city-state.
Democracy • Under a democracy, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of ALL CITIZENS Citizens like ME!!!!
After the Greek dark ages, exciting things began to happen in ancient Greece. Villages started to band together to form strong trading centers. These groups of villages that banded together were called city-states. Soon, hundreds of city-states had formed in ancient Greece. • TO BE A CITIZEN OF A CITY-STATE: The ancient Greeks referred to themselves as citizens of their individual city-states. Each city-state (polis) had its own personality, goals, laws and customs. Ancient Greeks were very loyal to their city-state.
The city-states had many things in common. They all believed in the same gods. They all spoke the same language. But if you asked an ancient Greek where he was from, he would not say, "I live in Greece." • The city-states might band together to fight a common foe. But they also went to war with each other. Greece was not yet one country. Ancient Greece was a collection of Greek city-states. If he was from Sparta, he would say, "I am a Spartan." If he lived in Athens, he would say, "I am Athenian."
Each city-state had its own form of government. Some city-states, like Corinth, were ruled by kings. Some, like Sparta, were ruled by a small group of men. Others, like Athens, experimented with new forms of government. Sometimes these city-states cooperated, sometimes they fought each other.
Athens and Sparta were the big two city-statesin ancient Greece, or so they believed. But they were not the only city-states. 4,000 years ago, there were many city-states in the ancient Greek world.
Tyranny in the City-States So a tyrant is like a king, but a king who does not have the law or religion behind him, and only rules because the poor people support him. Tyrants are something like Mafia bosses like the Godfather. • After the Dark Ages, tyrants ruled over ancient Greece. The Greek people eventually tired of the tyrants and created oligarchies or democracies. They wanted rule by law with all citizens participating in the government. • An oligarchy is a form of government in which a few people hold power. • A democracy is a form of government in which all citizens share power. • Sparta was an oligarchy…Athens was a direct democracy.
The Greeks who lived in each city-state were proud of their hometown. They were also proud to be Greek. All Greeks, wherever they made their home, had things in common. A. Spoke the same language • Believed in the same gods • Shared a common “Greek” heritage
Athens • Athenians thought of themselves as the shining star of the Greek city-states. They were famed for their literature, poetry, drama, theatre, schools, buildings, and government. • Athenians were famed for their commitment to the arts and sciences. Athens
Athenians put a great deal of emphasis on education. • Girls learned at home from their mothers. They learned how to run a home, and how to be good wives and mothers. • Athenian girls learned household duties from their mothers. Some wealthy girls learned reading, writing, and playing the lyre.
Boys were educated quite differently. Until age 6 or 7, boys were taught at home by their mothers. • From 7-14, boys attended a day school outside the home. There, they memorized poetry and learned to play the lyre. They learned drama, public speaking, reading, writing, math, and perhaps even how to play the flute. • After middle school, they went to a four year high school and learned more about math, science, and government. At 18, they attended two years of military school. There was just cause for Athens to be proud of its system of education for its citizens.
The Athenian’s invented democracy. Only in Athens, "rule by many" meant that all citizens had to be willing to take an active part in government. That was the law. • Each year, 500 names were drawn from all the citizens of Athens. Those 500 citizens had to serve for one year as the law makers of ancient Athens. • All citizens of Athens were required to vote on any new law that this body of 500 citizens created. One man, one vote, majority ruled. Women, children, and slaves were not citizens, and thus could not vote. • For a brief period of about 100 years, Athens was a democracy. It was not a perfect democracy, but it established the roots of democracy. We owe Athens a lot!
Why was Athens called a democracy? • Every citizen could take part in the city’s government • Laws had to be approved by the assembly • Every citizen was part of the assembly, which debated and voted on all laws How did Athenians get the goods they needed for everyday life? • Traded with foreign lands and other city states • Buying and selling goods in the Agora • Using coins, which made trade easier
How did Athenians train the minds and bodies of boys? • Were taught at home by their mother until they were 6 or 7 • Went to school between the ages of 6 and 14 • Learned arithmetic, literature, sports, music • Began military training at 18 • Wealthy families continued school with private tutors How were women and slaves treated in Athens? Women • Were not citizens • Could not chose their husbands • Could not own property • Sometimes were priestesses • Managed their households • Didn’t go out alone
How were women and slaves treated in Athens? Slaves • Were treated very harshly • Were killed if it was thought they might rebel • Could marry freely • Could sell extra crops they had • Could buy their freedom
Sparta • The City-State of Sparta is kinda like if the United States Marines started their own country just to raise children to become soldiers.
The Spartan’s were warriors. Spartans endured unbelievable pain and hardship to become a superior Spartan soldier and citizen! The Spartans were famed for their military strength. • Sparta's government was an oligarchy. The people were ruled by a small group of warriors. The Spartans spoke Greek, wrote Greek, thought of themselves as Greeks, but they were very different from the other Greek city-states, and proud of it. • Their educational system was certainly very different. The goal of Spartan education was to create a strong warrior. Boys were taken away from their parents at age 7. They lived a harsh and often brutal life in the soldiers barracks. Younger children were beaten by older children who started fights to help make the younger boys tough and strong. Children were often were whipped in front of groups of other Spartans, including their parents, but they were not allowed to cry out in pain.
To obtain more land, Spartans conquered and enslaved their neighbors, calling them helots. • To keep the helots from rebelling, the Spartans created a strong military of boys and men. • At age 20, men entered the regular army and lived In the barracks for 10 years. They returned home at age 30, but served in the army until age 60. See you Mom… I’m joining the army! Read why the military was so important in Sparta on page 126
Children, during their training process, were given very little food. They were encouraged to steal food, instead. If caught stealing, they were beaten. To avoid severe pain, children learned to be cunning, to lie, to cheat, to steal, and how to get away with it! • Some children grew up to warriors. Others became members of the Spartan secret police. Their job was to spy on people, especially slaves. If they found a slave who showed any signs of leadership, their job was to kill that slave immediately. A Spartan boy taken for war training
I may look sweet… but I am one tough cookie! • Spartan girls were trained in sports to become healthy mothers and were freer than other Greek women. Women in Sparta could even own property. • Women, unlike women in the rest of Greek world, had a great deal of freedom. Women were educated to be fighters. Some women became warriors. Many ran businesses. They were free to move about. • Life was very different in ancient Sparta than it was in the rest of ancient Greek city-states. The Spartans were proud, fierce, capable warriors. No great works of art came out of Sparta. But the Spartans, both men and women, were tough, and the Greeks admired strength.
To keep anyone from questioning the Spartan system, the government discouraged foreign visitors. It also banned travel abroad for any reason but military ones. • The government even frowned upon citizens who studied literature or the arts.
Why was Sparta called an oligarchy? • The power was in the hands of a few • Important decisions made by council of elders • Council members had to be 60 and wealthy • Assembly had little power and could not debate How did Spartans get the goods they needed for everyday life? • Farming • Conquering other people • Having slaves and not citizens produce for them • Some trade
How did Spartans train boys and girls so they could protect the city-state? • Boys and girls were trained to fight from age 7 • Boys were taught to suffer pain without complaining
How were women and slaves treated in Sparta? Women • Lived the same simple life as men • Were expected to be strong to fight • Looked after property when husband was away • Could own and control property Slaves • Were treated harshly • Were killed if it was thought they might rebel • Could marry • Could sell extra crops • Could by freed
Why I would rather live in….??? • Requirements • 3 Paragraphs • Tell me where and why you like it…background information from your notes (must give me the definition of a “City-State” in this paragraph) • Tell me why you don’t like the other city-state…what makes you say NO WAY!!!! • Remind me again about the top three reasons of why you chose your city-state
Did you pay attention? • What type of government did the United States take from the city-state of Athens? • Democracy… A type of government where all the citizens share power
