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Cognitive Development

Cognitive development during the first two years is crucial, encompassing aspects such as perceptual constancy, dynamic perception, and intermodal perception. Infants learn about the world through their senses and motor skills, progressing through stages of sensorimotor intelligence defined by Jean Piaget. Key milestones include object permanence, language development, and goal-directed behavior. From reflexive communication at birth to the formation of two-word sentences by age two, these early experiences shape an infant's understanding of their environment and language skills.

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Cognitive Development

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  1. Cognitive Development The first two years

  2. Perception • Perceptual constancy • the size or shape of an object remains the same despite changes in its appearance • Dynamic perception • arises from the movement of objects and changes in their positions • Intermodal perception • associating information from one sensory modality with information from another

  3. Perception • Crossmodal perception • using information from one sensory modality to imagine something in another

  4. Object permanence • The realization that objects and people exist, even when they cannot be sensed • example: Ball hidden behind parent’s back • Begins to develop around 4 months of age, much sooner than Piaget’s approximation

  5. Sensorimotor Intelligence • Infants are active participants in their cognitive development, evidenced by use of their senses and motor skills to aquire knowledge • Jean Piaget’s first stage of Cognitive Development

  6. Stage 1; reflexes (birth-1m) Stage 2: first acquired adaptations (1-4m) Stage 3: Procedures for Making Interesting sights last (4-8m) Stage 4: New Adaptation and anticipation (8-12) Stage 5: New Means Through Active Experimentation (12-18m) Stage 6: New Means Through mental combinations (18-24m) Stages of Sensorimotor Development

  7. Further characteristics of infant learning • Goal Directed Behavior: • Purposeful action initiated by infants in anticipation of events that will fulfill their needs and wishes (Stage 4) • Little Scientist: • Active experimentation to learn about the properties of objects (Stage 5)

  8. Language Development • Reflexive communication (newborn) • cries, movements, facial expressions • Cooing (3-6m) • lengthy vowel sounds with facial expressions a • Babbling (6-12m) • both consonant and vowel sounds, repetition • Holophrase (1 year) • one word sentences • Two-word sentences (two years)

  9. Language terms • Underextension: a narrow use of a word, too specific • Overextension: a broad use of a word to include objects or people with common characteristics, too general • LAD: Learning Acquisition Devise • a theoretical brain organization responsible for language • Named by Noam Chomsky

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