The Outbreak of the Civil War: A Clash of Ideals and Fort Sumter's Catalyst

1. Outbreak of War

2. The Confederate States of America, 1861 Seven Southern states gone. Popular Opinion of North = States did NOT have the right to leave the Union. People did not want to use force.

3. Lincoln’s Position Inaugural Address: • No state can lawfully leave the Union. • Secession against the will of the majority. • Will hold military posts not taken by Confederacy. • Union must be held together, by force if necessary

4. Fort Sumter: April, 1861 • Southern states seized US property as they left the Union. • Fort Sumter – Charleston, SC • still under Federal control, running out of supplies. • Lincoln decides to resupply the fort.

5. Jefferson Davis • President of the Confederacy • Must act – cannot allow fort to stay in “foreign” control. • Decides to take fort before ships come.

6. Opening conflict of Civil War • April 12, 1861 – South Carolina militia open fire on the fort. • After 36 hours and no loss of life, Fort Sumter surrenders.

7. Call to Arms! • Fort Sumter causes wave of nationalism in North and South. • Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers…gets more than can be equipped. • Jefferson Davis calls for 100,000.

8. Four more states leave… • After Fort Sumter: • Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee • Virginia = danger to DC. • Lincoln must hold onto Maryland – also slave state.

9. Lincoln uses Martial Law • He places Baltimore under martial law – military rule, suspension of rights. • Those who openly supported Confederacy – sent to jail without trials. • Kept Maryland in the Union.

10. Southern Advantages • Better military – Southern tradition • Many officers attended West Point • Fighting on familiar ground

11. Key Leaders of the Civil War

12. Ulysses S. Grant • Union military commander • Many victories after those before him failed • Last in his class at West Point • Later, 18th President of US

13. Robert E. Lee • Confederate general of Northern Virginia • Against secession

14. Did not agree with use of force on SouthTold Southerners to accept defeat after Appomattox

15. Frederick Douglass • Former slave • Famous abolitionist • Urges Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in Union Army

16. Abraham Lincoln • 16th President of the US • Force, if necessary • “Second American Revolution”

17. The North’s 3-Pronged Strategy • First – Blockade: close-off ports and ruin its economy • Second – Invade South and split it into thirds at Miss. River • Third – Capture Confederate capital of Richmond.

18. Differences • Union had 80% of manufacturing plants • Most ships, railroad tracks, banks, meat in the North. • Confederacy had less than ½ as many people as the North • Confederate Border open to attacks

19. Southern Disadvantage • South’s political philosophy hurt it – limited central authority is bad for war • Some states refused Confederacy’s efforts to raise troops as war went on • 1863 – could finally levy taxes for war • States printed own money – economic chaos, hoarding, poor morale.

20. British Aid Fails • South wanted British support – cotton • Through diplomacy, Britain built warships for the South • Unable to stop Northern blockade of southern ports • Britain turns to colonies in India and Egypt for its cotton.

21. Slavery and the Civil War

22. The Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863) • After the great loss of life at Antietam • Slaves free in confed. states only • 5 Union states, DC have slavery • Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Delaware

23. Lincoln – The Great Emancipator? • Believed slavery morally wrong • Recognized Constitution’s guarantees of slavery • “Save the Union” – primary aim

24. Outside Pressures Radical Republicans, Abolitionists - • Punishment for South – loss of property Europe, G. Britain opposed to slavery

25. The Proclamation’s Purpose • A moral crusade – justify the great loss of life • African Americans volunteer to fight for the Union in the North and South • Slavery becomes a war aim

26. What about the other slaves? • 800,000 slaves in the Union and Southern states under federal control • Lincoln requests compensated emancipation – pay former slave owners • Congress agrees for only the 3,000 slaves in D.C. • Slavery not abolished until the 13th Amendment – 1865, after Lincoln’s death.

27. Conscription • As war dragged on – both sides used the draft • North – could pay someone to go in your place or pay the Government $300 to get out of it • “Rich Man’s War and a Poor Man’s Fight” • NYC Draft Riots (July 1863)

28. Role of African Americans and Women? • Read 427-429 • Answer questions 4 and 5 in your notebook (429)

29. Gettysburg Address (1864) • What is Lincoln’s reason for coming to Gettysburg? • Who does Lincoln say can dedicate the grounds and why? • What, according to Lincoln is the purpose of the Civil War?

30. ReconstructionBegins

31. Lincoln’s Final Days Second Inaugural Address: (1865) Peace without bitterness “With Malice Toward None…bind up the nation’s wounds” Lincoln’s Reconstruction: Quick and without punishing the South

32. Lincoln is Assassinated April 14, 1865 – Ford’s Theatre Shot – John Wilkes Booth (Actor, Confederate sympathizer) North and South mourn – one person killed who could best heal the country.

33. The President’s Box

34. John Wilkes Booth

35. Lincoln’s Plan: Restore Union quickly Amnesty in exchange for loyalty No policy for freed slaves The Radicals’ Plan: Military rule in the South 14th Amendment ratified State Constitutions approved by Congress The Real Reconstruction

36. Punishment for the South Disenfranchise many former Confederates Carpetbaggers – Northerners moving South for profit – corruption

37. Congress vs. Johnson

38. Congress vs. Johnson President Andrew Johnson • Former Democrat, slaveowner • From Tennessee • Government’s job – abolish slavery • Status of Southern Blacks – a state matter • Unelected president – unpopular

39. Johnson Continues Lincoln’s Plan • All states would be readmitted if they ratified the Thirteenth Amendment—which ended slavery. (1865) • Radical republicans in Congress felt that Johnson was being too soft on the south • Congress and Johnson would be at odds for the rest of his term

40. Congress vs. Johnson • Congress – majority Republican • Johnson– a War Democrat • Aggressively guaranteeing civil rights for freed slaves • Passed legislation designed to limit the President’s power

41. Johnson Impeached Congress uses its new legislation against Johnson – fair? Radicals that dislike Johnson lead the fight against him House of Reps impeaches him – goes to Senate

42. Outcome – a few good men Senate – one vote short of removing Johnson 7 Republican Senators could not find any honest evidence of Johnson’s guilt After trial, Johnson powerless to stop the Radicals’ policies

43. 14th Amendment • Even after Johnson’s impeachment, many of the states ratified the 14th amendment in 1968. • Says that all citizens were entitled to equal protection of law and can not be imprisoned without due process of law.

44. Reconstruction Ends

45. Southern Discontent • Disenfranchised white men (Democrats) oppose Reconstruction • Secret Resistance Societies • 1866, Ku Klux Klan (Tennessee) • Used violence to take away blacks’ rights • Took back control of State Governments • Fewer Federal troops to protect black voters

46. Presidential Election of 1876 Democrats (Southern) ran Samuel Tilden vs. Republicans (North) who ran Rutherford B. Hayes Election very close – Electoral College votes disputed Charges of voting fraud—keeping blacks away from voting: Blacks would have voted for republican

47. Solution: Congressional Commission Voted along party lines (Republican) Rutherford B. Hayes, President Democrats angry – threats of Civil War

48. Compromise of 1877 Democrats in the south accept Republican President if ***Republicans agree to withdraw federal troops from the South Reconstruction officially comes to an end– once federal troops gone, former confederates can come to power again!

49. Results • Former Confederates regain power • Pass “Jim Crow” laws – legally segregating blacks and whites • CW and Reconstruction led to Southern resentment toward the North and Blacks • Political, Economic, Social control by whites

50. Race Relations After Reconstruction