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How Hitler Damaged World Class Universities

How Hitler Damaged World Class Universities. Fabian Waldinger (University of Warwick). German Universities were the Best in the World. German Universities were the Best in the World. What Happened?.

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How Hitler Damaged World Class Universities

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  1. How Hitler Damaged World Class Universities Fabian Waldinger (University of Warwick)

  2. German Universities were the Best in the World

  3. German Universities were the Best in the World

  4. What Happened? • When Hitler’s Nazi Party assumed power in 1933 they immediately dismissed all Jewish and what they called “politically unreliable” professors from the German universities. .

  5. What Happened? • When Hitler’s Nazi Party assumed power in 1933 they immediately dismissed all Jewish and what they called “politically unreliable” professors from the German universities. § 3: Civil servants who are not of Aryan descent are to be placed in retirement...(this) does not apply to officials who had already been in the service since the 1st of August, 1914, or who had fought in the World War … § 4: Civil servants who, based on their previous political activities, cannot guarantee that they have always unreservedly supported the national state, can be dismissed from service.

  6. Some of the Best Professors Were Dismissed Albert Einstein (Physics) • Professor at the University of Berlin. • Developed relativity theory. • Nobel Prize in 1921. • Dismissed 1933. • Migrated to the United States (IAS Princeton).

  7. Some of the Best Professors Were Dismissed Fritz Haber (Chemistry) • Professor at the University of Berlin. • Developed Haber-Bosch process to produce ammonia. -> used as key input in fertilizer which caused massive increases in agricultural productivity • Nobel Prize in 1918. • Dismissed 1933. • Migrated to Switzerland.

  8. Some of the Best Professors Were Dismissed John von Neumann (Mathematics) • Privatdozent at the University of Berlin. • Major contributions in: • Mathematics • Physics • Computer science • Economics (game theory) • Dismissed 1933. • Migrated to the United States (IAS Princeton).

  9. Dismissal Shock: Physics

  10. Dismissal Shock: Physics

  11. Dismissal Shock: Physics

  12. Dismissal Shock: Physics

  13. Effect of Losing 10% of Faculty

  14. Effect of Losing Top Quality Scientists Regression Results

  15. Quantifying the Loss to German Unis • German universities never recovered from this massive loss of human capital. • Main channel: hiring quality fell. After losing stars German universities did not manage to hire good researchers. • They lost 9,576 publications in top journals between 1933 and 1980. These publications received almost 200,000 citations.

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