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FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES I

FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES I. IB 371 - General Mycology Lecture 21 Thursday, November 6, 2003. FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES. Mycelium septate Septa with single pore or many small pores Woronin bodies present at pores Nuclei haploid, except during meiosis

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FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES I

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  1. FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES I IB 371 - General Mycology Lecture 21 Thursday, November 6, 2003 Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  2. FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES • Mycelium septate • Septa with single pore or many small pores • Woronin bodies present at pores • Nuclei haploid, except during meiosis • Antheridia & ascogonia may or may not be formed prior to meiosis • Ascogenous hyphae formed Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  3. SEPTAL PORE Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  4. Woronin Bodies Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  5. NUCLEUS PASSING THROUGH PORE Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  6. GENERAL LIFE CYCLE Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  8. MEIOSIS & ASCOSPOROGENESIS Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  10. In-class activity • How is a crozier like a clamp connection? Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  11. ASCOGONIA Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  13. TEM of crosier by Charles Mims Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  14. Crosiers & Developing Asci Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  15. TEM of developing ascus by Charles Mims Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  16. TEM of ascospores developing within an ascus by Charles Mims Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  17. TEM of maturing ascospores within an ascus by Charles Mims Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  19. TYPES OF ASC0MATA • Cleistothecium - round & completely closed • Apothecium - open & saucer shaped • Perithecium - flask shaped with an opening at the top • Pseudothecium - may look like a perithecium but it is stromatic & is formed prior to the ascogenous hyphae Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  20. TYPES OF ASCI • Prototunicate - one functional wall that deliquesces early • Unitunicate- one functional wall that remains as one wall when ascospores are discharged • Bitunicate (fissitunicate)- two functional walls that separate when ascospores are discharged Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  21. Hamathecium • None • Paraphyses • Apical paraphyses • Pseudoparaphyses • Catenophyses Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  22. ONYGENALES • Sexual apparatus - antheridium surrounded by a coiled ascogonium • Homothallic or heterothallic • Asci unitunicate, globose to subglobose • Ascus wall breaks down to release ascospores (deliquescent) • Ascospores usually non-septate (amerospores) Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  23. ONYGENALES • Ascoma is a cleistothecium of thin cottony hyphae or very thin layer of pseudoparenchyma tissue • Peridial hyphae (peridium = wall of cleistothecium) similar to vegetative hyphae, colored and/or rough walled Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  24. ONYGENALES • Anamorphs are solitary holoblastic (determinate) or arthric (thallospores) • Taxonomic characters - peridial wall ornamentation, ascospore characters • Ecology - keratinophilic, cellulolytic - saprophytes and parasites of animals • Habitat - soil, plant debris, faecal pellets of carnivores, birds’ nests and droppings, hoofs and horns Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  30. PATHOGENS OF HUMANS • ringworm (tinea), athletes foot, jock itch • Trichophyton (A)/ Arthroderma (T) • Microsporum (A)/ Nannizzia (T) • Geophilic - soil inhabiting species that are only occasionally pathogenic to humans • Zoophilic - live on animals but occasionally infect humans • anthropophilic - species that live only on humans Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  31. DERMATOPHYTES • Keratinophylic - live on hair, nails, dead skin cells (protein keratin) • Symptoms caused by enzymes that irritate epidermal cells • Treatment may be systemic (griseofulvum) or topical (azole antifungals, ciclopirox, others) Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  33. NORTH AMERICAN BLASTOMYCOSIS • Blastomyces dermatitidis (A) / Ajellomyces dermatitidis (T) • Thought to occur in soil in midwest, US-Canadian border from the Great Lakes to the east coast. • Infection through inhalation of conidia into the lungs Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  34. NORTH AMERICAN BLASTOMYCOSIS • fever, chills, cough, chest pain, pneumonia (sometimes fatal), skin lesions • fungus is dimorphic - filamentous in nature, yeast-like in body (or above 30C) • Itraconazole daily for six months or if life threatening, amphotericin B Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  35. dimorphic - yeast stage Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  36. HISTOPLASMOSIS • Histoplasma capsulatum (A) / Emmonsiella (Ajellomyces) capsulatum • Grows as hyphae in soil enriched with bird droppings • Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, Great Lakes to east coast, Florida, Texas • Infection by breathing in conidia Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  37. HISTOPLASMOSIS • most people remain asymptomatic • fever, chills, headache, chest pain, malaise, nodules in the lung • chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis mimics TB (diagnosis is very important) • acute disease requires treatment with amphotericin B, followed by itraconazole • immunocompromised patients require lifelong treatment if infected Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  38. Yeast stage of H. capsulatum Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  39. VALLEY FEVER • aka desert rheumatism, California disease - occurs in desert SW, Mexico, SA • Coccidioides immitis (only imperfect state known, connected to Onygenales by 18S r-DNA sequences) • Inhalation of conidia (arthrospores), symptoms somewhat similar to histoplasmosis • Most people recover but sometimes the disease is fatal Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  40. EUROTIALES • Asci free on mycelium or in ascomata • Ascomal wall thin, mesh-like or solid layer • Sexual fusion usually by a trichogyne and undifferentiated hypha • Asci spherical to ovoid, evanescent Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  42. EUROTIALES • Ascospores 1-celled, oblate, spherical, globose • Ascospores smooth or with reticulations, spines or thickened rings • Conidial states phialidic, conidia seceding schizolytically, in dry chains Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  43. EUROTIALES • Ubiquitous in distribution • Found commonly in soils and on plant litter • Associated with cellulosic, starchy or oily substrates Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  44. EUROTIALES • Decomposers • Agents of biodeterioration • Human pathogens (aspergillosis, penicilliosis) • Aflatoxin & ochratoxin production Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  45. EUROTIALES • Important in cheese industry • Production of industrially important acids (citric, gallic, fumaric, oxalic, gluconic), and enzymes (alpha-galactosidase) • Production of antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporin, griseofulvum Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  46. PENICILLIUM • Teleomorph genera – • Eupenicillum • Talaromyces Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  47. Discovery of penicillin • Changed the world. • In 1928, Alexander Fleming found P.notatum growing on a Petri dish (dish is still preserved). • In 1939, Howard Florey & Ernest Chain began work on how to use and identify the antibiotic produced by P. notatum. • In 1941, work began in Peoria, IL, to increase production of the antibiotic. “Moldy Mary” brought in a moldy melon colonized by the high yielding species, P. chrysogenum. Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  48. Discovery of penicillin • In 1942, the first patient was treated successfully in New Haven, Connecticut (Anne Miller). • In 1945, Fleming, Florey & Chain received the Nobel Prize for their work. Downloded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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