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Chapter 16: Air Pollution

Chapter 16: Air Pollution. 16.2 Natural Sources Of Air Pollution. Natural Combustion Decay Biological Emissions Chemical Particulate (spores, pollen, etc.) Wind-blown dust Volcanic. 16.3 Human-caused Air Pollution. We categorize pollutants according to their source

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Chapter 16: Air Pollution

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  1. Chapter 16: Air Pollution

  2. 16.2 Natural Sources Of Air Pollution • Natural Combustion • Decay • Biological Emissions • Chemical • Particulate (spores, pollen, etc.) • Wind-blown dust • Volcanic

  3. 16.3 Human-caused Air Pollution • We categorize pollutants according to their source • We also categorize pollutants according to their content • Unconventional pollutants also are important • Indoor air is more dangerous for most of us than outdoor air

  4. Classification of Pollutants By Source • Primary: Direct emission • Secondary: Modified by environment (smog) • Fugitive: Non-point source (dust)

  5. Classification of Pollutants By Content • Sulfur emissions • Nitrogen Compounds • Carbon: CO2 and CO • Particulate Matter • Metals (Hg, Cd) and Halogens (Cl, F, Br) • Volatile Organics (gasoline, pesticides)

  6. 16.4 Climate, Topography, And Atmospheric Processes • Temperature inversions trap pollutants • Cities create dust domes and heat islands • Wind currents carry pollutants intercontinentally • Stratospheric ozone is destroyed by chlorine • The Montreal Protocol is a resounding success

  7. Inversion? • Cold air on ground, warm up above • Isn’t that normal? • It’s what buoyancy does, but solar warming of the surface is stronger • Reverse of normal state of affairs (that’s why it’s an “inversion”) • Stratified air doesn’t circulate vertically, so pollutants accumulate

  8. Destroying Ozone • CFCL3 + UV Energy = CFCl2 + Cl • Cl + O3 = ClO + O2 • O2 + UV Energy = 2O • ClO + O = Cl + O2 • Cl+ O3 = ClO + O2 etc. • What about volcanic HCl? • Most scrubbed out in the eruption cloud • Very little gets into stratosphere

  9. 16.5 Effects Of Air Pollution • Polluted air causes lung diseases • How does pollution harm us? • Plants are susceptible to pollution damage • Acid deposition has many negative effects • Smog and haze reduce visibility

  10. Smog

  11. Particulate Matter

  12. Particulate Matter • In pre-industrial days, 100-mile visibility was normal • Haze was unusual • Great Smoky Mountains named because of natural forest aerosols • “Dry Fog” – sign of distant volcanic eruptions, was noted in chronicles

  13. 16.6 Air Pollution Control • Saving Energy and Reducing Pollution • The most effective strategy for controlling pollution is to minimize production • Fuel switching and fuel cleaning also are effective • Clean air legislation is controversial

  14. 16.7 Current Conditions And Future Prospects • Air pollution remains a problem in many places • There are signs of hope

  15. Los Angeles

  16. San Francisco, Same Day

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