Realizator : C iorea C ristina Clasa : a X-a S.N.E Profesor coordonator : S ufana F elicia

1. Historical connection with: Holland, Italy, France, Hungary, Turkey Realizator: CioreaCristina Clasa: a X-a S.N.E Profesorcoordonator: SufanaFelicia

2. TurkeyRomanian War of Independence TheRomanian War of Independence is the name used in Romanian historiography to refer to the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish war, following which Romania, fighting on the Russian side, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. On April 24 [O.S April 12] 1877, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire and its troops entered Romania through the newly built Eiffel Bridge.

3. On May 21 [O.S. May 9] 1877, in the Romanian parliament, MihailKogălniceanu declared the independence of Romania as the will of the Romanian people. A day later, the act was signed by Prince Carol I. The next day, the Romanian government canceled paying tribute to Turkey (914,000 lei), and the sum was given instead to the War Minister.

4. Initially, before 1877, Russia did not wish to cooperate with Romania, since they did not wish Romania to participate in the peace treaties after the war, but the Russians encountered a very strong Turkish army of 50,000 soldiers led by Osman Pash at the Siege of Plevna (Pleven) where the Russian troops led by Russian generals suferred very heavy losses and were routed in several battles.

5. Due to great losses, Nikolai Konstantinovich, Grand Duke of Russia, asked Carol I for the Romanian Army to intervene and join forces with the Russian Army. • Prince Carol I accepted the Duke's proposal to become the Marshal of the Russian troops in addition to the Command of his own Romanian army. • On 19 January 1878, the Ottoman Empire requested an armistice, which was accepted by Russia and Romania. Romania won the war but at a cost of more than 10,000 casualties.

6. The peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was signed at San Stefano, on 3 March 1878. • The 1878 peace conference in Berlin decided that Russia would give Romania its independence, the territories of Dobrogea, the Danube Delta and access to the Black Seaincluding the ancient port of Tomis (Constantza), as well as the tiny Snake Island (Insula Şerpilor).

7. Hungarian–Romanian war of 1919 • The Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919 was fought between the Hungarian Soviet Republic and the Kingdom of Romania from November 1918 until March 1920 with the main military operations ending in August 1919. • At the end of 1918, the final year of World War I, the collapse of Austria-Hungary led to the declaration of Union of Transylvania with Romania. The Romanians wanted to ensure the success of their territorial demands in the coming Peace Conference and to help the national aspirations of the Transylvanian Romanians. 

8. The war is divided here into three phases, mirroring the main operations of the Romanian Army. In the war's first phase, the Romanian Army advanced, up to the Western Carpathian Mountains. In the second phase, after the communists took power in Hungary, the Romanian Army overcame the Hungarian Red Army to reach the Tisza river. Finally, in the third phase, the Romanian Army destroyed the Hungarian Army and occupied Budapest, ousting the communist regime of Béla Kun.

9. Aware of the Romanian preparations, the Hungarians fortified the mountain passes in their possession and launched a preemptive attack on the night between April 15 and 16. The attack was stopped with the help of the reserve formations and the Romanians defensive lines held. Between April 16 and 18, the Romanians started their own offensive, forcing the mountain passes after heavy fighting.

10. The Romanians occupied all Hungary, with the exception of a piece of land around the Lake Balaton. There, a group formed around Admiral Horthy, and supplied with arms by the Romanians, was organizing the new Hungarian Army, preparing to take over after the Romanians would eventually leave. • The entire Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919 was waged over a period of nine months. The Romanians lost 188 officers and 11,478 soldiers, out of which 69 officers and 3,601 soldiers died. The Romanians started retreating from Hungary in November 1919. Between February 14 and March 28, 1920 all Romanian Army units left the Hungarian territory.

11. Italy- Romanian war • Romania comes from the Roman empire’s republic of Dacia.  This means the language of Italian and Romanian are closely related. Modern Italian and Romanian are derivatives of Latin. • The reality is Romanians are like Italians living in Eastern Europe in terms of culture, however, they are Dacian in genes.  Or Italians are Romanians living in Western Europe. It is not only that they are both Romance languages, many languages like Spanish. Portuguese and French can claim this also, but Romania has a close tie with Italian because of the history of their nation.

12. Ancient Romania was inhabited by Thracian tribes. The Greeks called them the Getae, the Romans called them Dacians, but they were actually a single Geto-Dacian people. Their principal religion was the cult of Zalmoxis; when people died, they went to him. The Geto-Dacians communicated with their god through meditation, ritual sacrifice and shunning bodily desires.

13. From the 7th century BC the Greeks established trading colonies along the Black Sea at Callatis (Mangalia), Tomis (Constanţa) and Histria. In the 1st century BC, a strong Dacian state was established by King Burebista to counter the Roman threat. The last Dacian king, Decebal (r AD 87–106), consolidated this state but was unable to stave off attacks led by the Roman emperor Trajan in 101–2. Further attacks ensued in 105–6, leading to the Roman victory at the Dacian capital of Sarmizegetusa and the final Roman conquest of the region. Dacia thus became a province of the Roman Empire.

14. France- Romania war • Romanian intellectual elite in the nineteenth century was schooled in France. European Revolution of 1848-1849 allowed Franco- Romanian manifestation affinities . Between 1849-1859 the brand French intellectuals such as Jules Michelet and Edgar Quinet , supported the fight for freedom and unity of the Romanian people . But the biggest supporter of the cause of Romanians was Emperor Napoleon III. Its decision to participate in the Crimean War to stop Russian expansionism once saved two principalities from annexation.

15. Moreover, Napoleon III supported unconditionally the unit of romanians. Act of January 24, 1859 is unthinkable without the support of France 's Napoleon III. And the coming to the throne of Charles I ( 1866) is largely the work of the Second French king . Napoleon III enjoys very much appreciation in Romania . We can say that his image is more popular in Romania than in France .

16. In World War Romania and France stood on the same side. Restoring Romanian army after the disaster of the 1916 campaign was made with the support of the French military mission led by General Henri Mathias Berthelot. In the difficult moments of World War Franco-Romanian friendship was strengthened forever. • France supported the territorial claims of our country in the Paris Peace Conference. • Paris was great supporter of European and Euro-Atlantic aspirations of Romania.