African Americans, 1877-1914

1. African Americans, 1877-1914 I. Segregation and Disfranchisement • Race in the Progressive Era III. Booker T. Washington IV. W. E. B. Du Bois V. Marcus Garvey

2. Rutherford B. Hayes (1876-1881) United States v. Cruikshank (1876) Jim Crow Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Grandfather Clause (1898) Birth of a Nation (1915) Tuskegee Institute (1881) Atlanta Compromise (1895) Talented Tenth National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909) Universal Negro Improvement Association (1919) Key Terms

4. I. Segregation & Disfranchisement

5. Rutherford B. Hayes

6. The Waite Supreme Court, 1874-1888

7. United States v. Cruikshank (1876) The Supreme Court Declared that the Fourteenth Amendment “adds nothing to the rights of one citizen against another.”

8. “Jim Crow”

9. 1889

11. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) The Supreme Court wrote that “the under lying fallacy of the plaintiff’s argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority.”

12. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “social prejudices may be overcome by legislation, and that equal rights cannot be secured to the Negro except by an enforced commingling of the two races. We cannot accept this position. . . . Legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instincts or to abolish distinctions based upon physical differences, and the attempt to do so can only result in accentuating the difficulties of the present situation.”

13. “Separate But Equal”

14. Devices of Disenfranchisement • Poll tax • Property Qualification • Literacy Test

15. Williams v. Mississippi (1898) The Supreme Court approved the Mississippi plan, written into the state constitution, for depriving black citizens of the franchise by means of a literacy test.

16. Disenfranchisement in the South

17. African Americans Registered to Vote in Louisiana 1896 1904

18. II. Race in the Progressive Era

19. African American Literacy Rate in 1910

20. African American Literacy

21. African Americans in High School in 1910

22. Percentage of Southerners in School

23. Percentage of Land Owners in the South

24. Between 1900 and 1914Over 1,100 African Americans were Lynched

25. Part of the crowd of 10,000 that watched the 1893 lynching of Henry Smith in Paris, Texas. The word “Justice” is painted on the platform.

26. Taft on Jim Crow “The federal government has nothing to do with social equality.”

28. It is “history written in lightening.”

29. Inspired by Birth of a Nation, the KKK reformed in 1915

30. By the mid 1920s the Klan had over Three Million members

31. III. Booker T. Washington

32. Home of Booker T. Washington, born in 1856

33. Students Learning Industrial Skills at the Tuskegee Institute

34. Tuskeege History Class, 1902

35. Atlanta Compromise “In all things that are purely social,” blacks and whites “can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”

36. The Atlanta Compromise • Sweeping Concessions to Segregation. • Abandoned Reconstruction demand for Black Equality. • Emphasized Economic Opportunity, not Political or Civil Rights.

37. Tuskegee in 1901

38. IV. W. E. B. Du Bois

39. Dr. Du Bois (born in 1868) at Atlanta University

40. The Souls of Black Folk “So far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, he does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinction, and opposes the higher training and ambition for our brighter minds . . . so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this . . . we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them.”

42. V. Marcus Garvey

43. Background • Born in Jamaica in 1887 • Left School at 14 • Read Washington’s Up From Slavery

44. Garvey and Leaders of the Universal Negro Improvement Association

47. African American Mother and Children with Burning Ku Klux Klan Cross in the Background

48. Who had the best plan?