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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOKALEMIA

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOKALEMIA. SYMPTOMS. Seldom occur unless the plasma K + conc is <3mmol/L Fatigue, myalgia, and muscular weakness of the lower extremities

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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOKALEMIA

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  1. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOKALEMIA

  2. SYMPTOMS • Seldom occur unless the plasma K+ conc is <3mmol/L • Fatigue, myalgia, and muscular weakness of the lower extremities • Palpitations; constipation; nausea or vomiting; abdominal cramping; polyuria, nocturia, or polydipsia; psychosis, delirium, or hallucinations; depression • Severe hypokalemia may lead to progressive weakness, hypoventilation and eventually complete paralysis • Hypokalemic periodic paralysis

  3. SIGNS • Signs of ileus • Hypotension • Ventricular arrhythmias • Cardiac arrest • Bradycardia or tachycardia • Premature atrial or ventricular beats • Hypoventilation, respiratory distress • Respiratory failure • Lethargy or other mental status changes • Decreased muscle strength, fasciculations, or tetany • Decreased tendon reflexes • Cushingoid appearance (eg, edema)

  4. ADVERSE MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THIS CONDITION

  5. Hypokalemia • Impaired muscle metabolism and blunted hyperemic response to exercise associated with profound K+ depletion increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis • Smooth muscle function may also be affected and manifest as paralytic ileus • ECG changes: • Early changes: T wave flattening or inversion, prominent U wave, ST segment depression, prolonged QU interval • Severe K+ depletion: prolonged PR interval, decreased voltage and widening of QRS complex, and an increased risk of ventricular arrythmias (px with Myocardial Ischemia or left ventricular hypertrophy) • Predispose to digitalis toxicity • Associated with acid-base disturbances related to the underlying disorder • Intracellular acidification and an increase in net acid excretion or new HCO3- production: consequence of enhanced proximal HCO3- reabsorption, increased renal ammoniagenesis, and increased distal H + secretion → generation of metabolic alkalosis • Glucose intolerance attributed to either impaired insulin secretion or peripheral insulin resistance.

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