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DNA

DNA. What is cancer? Do you know anyone who has been affected by cancer? Write 3-4 complete sentences explaining your ideas. Think – Pair – Share. Think – Independently write down your ideas. This part of the process should be quiet

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DNA

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  1. DNA • What is cancer? Do you know anyone who has been affected by cancer? • Write 3-4 complete sentences explaining your ideas

  2. Think – Pair – Share • Think – Independently write down your ideas. This part of the process should be quiet • Pair – Talk with the person next to you about your ideas. Both partners should have a chance to speak • Share – Come together in small groups or as a whole class. Students should share their paired discussions in the large group

  3. Intro To The Cell Cycle

  4. Wait… What was a cell again? • A cell is the basic unit of all living things • Prokaryotic (mostly bacteria) • No membrane-bound organelles • Eukaryotic (plants, animals, etc.) • Membrane-bound organelles

  5. There was also that “cell theory” thing… • 1. All living things are made of one or more cells • 2. Cells are the basic unit of life • 3. Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells

  6. Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells… …through cell division! Some cells are dividing all the time… Thousands of new hair and skin cells per day Others rarely, if ever, divide… You have all the brain cells you will ever have Every time you drink or do drugs, you risk killing brain and liver cells you will never grow back…

  7. When cell division goes wrong… • Cancer can occur • Cancer is a set of diseases affecting all parts of the body • ALL SHOW UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH

  8. Causes of Cancer • GENETICS • Cancers tend to run in families • The genes for certain cancers have now been identified: ex – BRCA1+2 for breast cancer

  9. Causes of Cancer • ENVIRONMENT • Sunlight • Radiation • Chemicals • Asbestos • Formaldehyde

  10. Causes of Cancer • LIFESTYLE • Diet • Fatty Foods • Aspartame • Plastics • Drugs • Tobacco • Alcohol • Exercise • Stress

  11. EXIT TICKET (get stamped before you leave) • What is cancer? • What is one cause of cancer you have no control over? • What are two causes of cancer you can control? • List one lifestyle change you are willing to commit to in order to reduce your cancer risk.

  12. DNA Have you ever heard of “genes” or “chromosomes”? What are they? If you haven’t, take a guess at what you think they might mean.

  13. What is a chromosome?

  14. What is a chromosome? DNA is really long A nucleus is really small We need a way to package it all together… The solution is a chromosome!

  15. Anatomy of a Chromosome A chromosome is one molecule of DNA wound up tightly with some proteins. When replicated, the chromosome looks like an “X” At the middle of the “X”, there is a joining spot called the centromere

  16. Chromosomes are Cool! They look sweet under a microscope ….how cool is that?

  17. They are the blueprints for life! To the left is a human karyotype, an organized arrangement of all the chromosomes in a cell Humans have 2 sets of 23 chromosomes – one set from mom and one from dad We call this state 2n Each set of chromosomes is called 1n

  18. Karyotyping Karyotypes can be used to look for genetic diseases. Look at the human karyotype on the left. Remember humans are 2n. Is this human healthy or unhealthy? This human has trisomy 21, also known as down syndrome

  19. Activity Time! • Everyone should have received one unreplicated chromosome from the bag. You are 1n. • When the teacher says go, find your chromosome pair. Your chromosome will be the same size and have the same pattern. You are now 2n. • After you find your match, work with the class to order your chromosomes from largest to smallest across the middle of the floor to create a karyotype. • You have 10 minutes!

  20. EXIT TICKET (get stamped before you leave) What is a chromosome? What does 2n and 1n mean? When a chromosome replicates, it forms an “X”. What is the middle of this “X” called?

  21. DNA • Look at the slide to the left, and answer the following: • What kind of cells are these (prokaryotic, plant or animal)? How do you know? • Can you identify any organelles? Which ones? • Do all the cells look the same or do they look different? In what ways?

  22. Card Activity • Get in a group of approximately 6 students. There should be four groups in the class. • You will receive a deck of cards. Each card has a picture of a cell on it. • Work with your group to put each card into a category. You may categorize the cards in any way you choose. • If your group members disagree on a card or category, work together to discuss the issue until you come to an agreement. If you still can’t decide, set the card aside. • You have 15 minutes. We will share our results when time is called.

  23. Reflection Questions • How many categories of cells did your group come up with? • How did you decide on those categories? • Did all groups came up with the same number of categories? Why or why not? • Is there a single right or wrong way to categorize these cells? Why or why not?

  24. DNA • Find your lab group and sit with them. Read over the directions for the lab as a group. When you are ready to begin the lab, raise your hands, and the teacher will bring you the materials.

  25. DNA • Sheena spends 30% of her time sleeping, 10% eating, 40% working, and 5% exercising. What percentage of time does Sheena have left to relax?

  26. DNA • GALLERY WALK! Grab your lab notebook, a writing utensil, and get up from your seat. • Your classmates’ pie charts are posted around the room. Spend ten minutes looking at the charts and answering the following question: • Does all the data look the same or does it look different? List a minimum of two similarities and two differences you see between charts.

  27. The Cell Cycle

  28. Why Don’t Cells Just Get Bigger?

  29. Why Don’t Cells Just Get Bigger? • Diffusion • Osmosis • Active Transport • Cell Communication

  30. The Cell Cycle • TWO MAJOR PARTS: • Interphase • Gap 1 phase (cell grows) • Synthesis Phase (DNA replicates) • Gap 2 phase (cell preps for next phase) • Mitosis (M-phase) • Composed of 4 phases • Cytokinesis ends M-phase by pinching the cell into two • There are “checkpoints” after each phase

  31. How Close Did We Get?

  32. DNA • SHH! Mrs. Faller is listening to her iPod. Listen carefully and number your paper #1 - #5. • When Mrs. Faller raises both her hands, answer the question, “Can you hear me now?” Write “YES” next to #1 if you can hear Mrs. Faller’s music and “NO” next to #1 if you can’t hear the music. • We will repeat this procedure four more times. When Mrs. Faller raises her hands again, get ready to collect data for #2.

  33. Oh, please. It’s not that loud… is it? • The most popular personal music device in the United States is the Apple iPod. Volume is measured with a unit called decibels. The factory volume settings on an iPod can be seen in the table to the right:

  34. So what’s a decibel? Look at the output again… And compare to everyday noise…

  35. Why so dangerous?

  36. Great… so what IS safe? • NOTE: This includes exposure to ALL noise – not JUST your MP3 player. The numbers sound great at first, but don’t forget about all the other “sound pollution” in your life!

  37. What happens if I don’t care?

  38. DNA • Which takes longer to complete – interphase or mitotic phase? Why do you think this is so? (consider what is happening during each part of the cycle)

  39. M-Phase (MITOSIS)

  40. Composed of FOUR PHASES • PROPHASE • METAPHASE • ANAPHASE • TELOPHASE

  41. Prophase • Nuclear membrane disappears • Chromosomes condense • Spindle fibers form

  42. Metaphase • Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate • Spindle fibers are attached to the centromeres

  43. Anaphase • Chromosomes are pulled apart into their copies, called sister chromatids • The chromatids move away from each other

  44. Telophase • Nucleus forms again • Cell is pinched into two by cytokinesis

  45. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells • Somatic – body (non – reproductive) cells. These cells are always 2n • Mitosis starts with a 2n state and ends with a 2n state. • The daughter cell is an exact replica of the parent cell

  46. DNA (45 minutes) • Find a partner to work with. You may work in a group of three, but NO LARGER. • Look over your notes from the mitosis unit. • As a pair (or trio), write tenquestionsyou would expect to see on an exam. You must include at least one of each type of question: • Multiple choice • True/False • Short Answer • Don’t forget your answer key! • Make sure all names are on your paper, and turn it in on your way out.

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