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Le resistenze di HIV sono destinate a scomparire?

Le resistenze di HIV sono destinate a scomparire?. Andrea De Luca Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive Univ . Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma Malattie Infettive Universitarie, AOU, Siena. Background.

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Le resistenze di HIV sono destinate a scomparire?

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  1. Le resistenze di HIV sono destinate a scomparire? Andrea De Luca Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive Univ. Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma Malattie Infettive Universitarie, AOU, Siena

  2. Background • I trattamenti più potenti e ad elevata barriera genetica dovrebbero determinare una riduzione delle resistenze • Sempre meno pazienti in trattamento presentano viremie rilevabili • Se la fonte primaria delle resistenze (i pazienti in fallimento con resistenze) viene ad esaurirsi, le resistenze dovrebbero scemare

  3. Prevalenceof HIV resistance at severalclasses: allARV-treatedindividuals (ARCA db; n=4,887) n=395 362 490 488 760 974 829 224 Di Giambenedettoet al. AntivirTher2009

  4. Prevalenceof HIV resistance at severalclasses: in first line cART failures(ARCA db; n=717) n= 52 52 64 68 126 163 116 26 Di Giambenedettoet al. AntivirTher2009

  5. Surveillanceof the EpidemiologyofEmergentHIV drugResistance in Europe (SEHERE) (n=20763) Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  6. n= 365 839 1620 2027 2199 2306 2591 2731 2581 1900 1274 325 Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  7. Prevalenceofdifferentnon-Bsubtypesbycalendaryear Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  8. Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  9. Prevalenceoftype 1 TAMsovercalendaryears Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  10. Prevalenceofother NRTI-RMovercalendaryears Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  11. PrevalenceofNNRTI-RMovercalendaryears Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  12. Prevalenceofselected major PI-RMovercalendaryears Di Giambenedetto S et al. EACS2009

  13. Di Giambenedetto S et al. CROI 2010

  14. PrevalenceoftransmittedHIV-1 drugresistance in Italy (n=1690) Bracciale L J AntimicrobChemother2009

  15. Prevalenceoftransmitted HIV-1 drugresistance in Italy: subtype B only Bracciale L J AntimicrobChemother2009

  16. Decline in transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in the UK All patients (n = 4454) NRTI NNRTI Acutely infected (n = 316) PI UK Collaborative Group on HIV Drug Resistance, AIDS 2007

  17. Resistance can be transmitted from one individual to another • Drug resistant virus is prevalent in primary infection and the transmission of resistant virus from individuals who have failed antiretroviral therapy is well documented • Reviewed by Tang JW & Pillay D. J ClinVirol 2004; 30:1–10 • Transmitted resistant virus persists for long periods of time • Pao D, et al. JAIDS 2004; 37:1570–1573 • Little S, et al. AntirvirTher2003; 8:S129 • Brenner B et al. AIDS. 2004; 18:1653–1660 • Resistant virus can be ‘re-transmitted’ from one treatment-naive individual to another • Taylor S et al. AIDS Res & Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:353–361 • DeMendoza et al. Clin InfDis 2005; 41;1350–1354 ‘Transmission chains’ could generate an undetected epidemic of infection with drug resistant virus

  18. How much does transmitted DR depend from emerging DR? Probabilità di trasmissione di DR: >per mutazioni ad alta fitness >da pazienti off-therapy >in pazienti a diagnosi ignota >a pazienti non in terapia Probabilità di trasmissione di DR: -efficienza intrinseca -carica virale -frequenza e modalità di esposizione

  19. Analisi filogenetica in pazienti naive(ARCA, prima sequenza, sottotipo B, n=442)

  20. Assessment dei cluster tramite analisi filogenetica bayesiana Branchlengthsexpressed in nt substitutions per site

  21. Analisi filogenetica in pazienti naive(ARCA, prima sequenza, sottotipo B, n=442) • ML con 100 bootstrapruns: • 44 cluster identificati (mediana 2 pazienti: range 2-7) • 112/442 sequenze (25.3%) in cluster di naive • 7/44 cluster (15.9%) contengono resistenze • 13/41 (31.7%) sequenze con resistenze sono in cluster • 99/401 (24.7%) sequenze senza resistenze sono in cluster

  22. Cluster con sequenze discordanti riguardo le resistenze • 7 cluster con resistenze: • 3 concordanti (tutte le sequenze con resistenze) • 4 discordanti (alcune sequenze con resistenze, altre senza)

  23. EDR Potenziali cause di discordanza rispetto alle resistenze nei cluster Trattamento e fallimento Paziente 1 • TDR • noR Paziente 2

  24. Potenziali cause di discordanza rispetto alle resistenze nei cluster • Resistenze non rilevabili (quasispecie minoritarie) Paziente 1 • TDR • noR • Resistenze non trasmesse (minore fitness virale, bottleneck) Paziente 2

  25. Studi futuri per comprendere il fenomeno dei cluster discordanti • Ampliamento del campione • Dinamica temporale? • Studio della direzionalità delle trasmissioni • Necessità di studio di sequenze longitudinali

  26. De Luca A Curr Op HIV AIDS 2009, in press

  27. Conclusions: is HIV drugresistancedisappearing? • Improvedtreatments and more activenewagents are reducing EDR • There are reportsofreduced TDR • Nonetheless, TDR iscontinuouslyfuelledby treatment naiveindividualswith at riskbehaviors • The entityof TDR derivedfromtreated and fromnaivepatientsrequiresclarification

  28. Conclusions: is HIV drugresistancedisappearing? • Interventionstowardsnaiveindividuals: • Earlierdiagnosis • Behavioralchanges • Treatment maysignificantly reduce TDR • In the future theremightbe a furtherreductionof EDR and TDR, but DR disappearanceprobably a dream: • EDR and TDR in low-middleincomecountries • Durabilityofcurrentregimens • Will depend on wise and rationaleusage/sequencing • No big news at the horizon

  29. Acknowledgements

  30. Acknowledgements • D Dunn, D Pillay, C Sabin UK-HIVDR and CHIC • R Camacho, Lisbon • M Ciccozzi, A Lo Presti, ISS, Roma, Italy • P Sloot, Univ. of Amsterdam, the Netherlands • ARCA: M Zazzi, C Balotta • Euresist: ARCA, AREVIR (R Kaiser), Karolinska (A. Sonnerborg) • Virolab: FP6 INFSO-IST-027446 (C Torti, D vdVjver, AM Vandamme) • Computing Real-World Phenomena with Dynamically ChangingComplexNetworks (DYNANETS): FP7-233847 • Collaborative HIV and Anti-HIV Drug Resistance Network (CHAIN): FP7HEALTH-2007-B -223131

  31. Specialacknowledgements Iuri Fanti, B.Eng.CS Mattia Prosperi, PhD

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