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Epilepsy

Epilepsy. Epilepsy 汤业磊(浙二神经内科). The problems. 癫痫概念及病因 癫痫的分类 癫痫发作时脑电图特点 诊断及鉴别诊断 癫痫的治疗 癫痫的预后. The problems. 癫痫概念及病因 癫痫的分类 癫痫发作时脑电图特点 诊断及鉴别诊断 癫痫的治疗 癫痫的预后. Ⅰ 何为癫痫 ?. Definition:

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Epilepsy

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  1. Epilepsy Epilepsy 汤业磊(浙二神经内科)

  2. The problems • 癫痫概念及病因 • 癫痫的分类 • 癫痫发作时脑电图特点 • 诊断及鉴别诊断 • 癫痫的治疗 • 癫痫的预后

  3. The problems • 癫痫概念及病因 • 癫痫的分类 • 癫痫发作时脑电图特点 • 诊断及鉴别诊断 • 癫痫的治疗 • 癫痫的预后

  4. Ⅰ何为癫痫? • Definition: Epilepsy is a group of chronic disorders characterized by recurrent seizure, which is a transient disturbance of cerebral function caused by an abnormal neuronal discharge.

  5. Ⅱ常见病因 • pathogenesis: It caused by the neurologic disbalance between excitation and inhibition, and the abnormal stability of membrane potential. It may be increase of neuron excitation or decrease of inhibition, and abnormality of membrane.

  6. Classification by etiology: • Idiopathic epilepsy • Symptomatic epilepsy • -- Congenital cerebral diseases • -- Cerebral trauma • Diseases in antenatal period and perinatal diseases • After febrile convulsion • Infections • Toxicosis • Cerebrovascular diseases • Intracranial tumors • Nutritional, metabolic diseases • Degeneral, demyelinating diseases

  7. The problems • 癫痫概念及病因 • 癫痫的分类 • 癫痫发作时脑电图特点 • 诊断及鉴别诊断 • 癫痫的治疗 • 癫痫的预后

  8. Classification Jenny

  9. Epilepsies are classified in five ways: • By their first cause (or etiology). • By the observable manifestations of the seizures, known as semiology. • By the location in the brain where the seizures originate. • As a part of discrete, identifiable medical syndromes. • By the event that triggers the seizures, as in primary reading epilepsy or musicogenic epilepsy

  10. Classification of Epileptic Seizures • Partial-onset seizures • Generalized-onset seizures

  11. Partial-onset seizures • are further classified as simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures, or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures

  12. simple partial seizures ~ a seizure with preserved consciousness. • with complex partial seizures have an aura. • sensory, motor, autonomic, psychic types. • Any discrete experience that involves the cerebral cortex. • diagnosis is based on the repeated, stereotypic occurrence of the same experience in association with focal EEG changes.

  13. Complex partial seizures of frontal-lobe origin may feature bizarre motor behaviors such as bicycling or a fencing posture. They have more prominent motor features than those of complex partial seizures of temporal-lobe onset. Frontal lobe onset complex partial seizures might have a fast postictal recovery to baseline, and often they appear in clusters of seizures. The great majority of complex partial seizures have an ictal correlate on the EEG.

  14. Secondarily generalized seizures~ begin with an aura. Clinically classifying a generalized tonic-clonic seizure as being secondarily generalized (partial onset) or primarily generalized is difficult on the basis of the history alone. In most cases, the association with prominent amnesia for the aura increases with the severity of a secondarily generalized seizure.

  15. Generalized-onset seizures • are classified into 6 major categories: • (1) absence seizures • (2) tonic seizures • (3) clonic seizures • (4) myoclonic seizures • (5) primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures • (6) atonic seizures.

  16. Absence seizures are brief episodes of impaired consciousness with no aura or postictal confusion. • typically last less than 20 sec and are accompanied by few automatisms. • Facial automatisms are most common, and repetitive blinking is the most common facial automatism. • Hyperventilation or photic stimulation often precipitates these seizures which typically begin during childhood or adolescence, though they may persist into adulthood.

  17. Myoclonic seizures consist of brief, arrhythmic, jerking, motor movements that last less than a second. Myoclonic seizures often cluster within a few minutes.

  18. Clonic seizures consist of rhythmic, motor, jerking movements with or without impairment of consciousness. Clonic seizures can have a focal origin with or without impaired consciousness.

  19. Tonic seizures consist of sudden-onset tonic extension or flexion of the head, trunk, and/or extremities for several seconds. These seizures typically occur in relation to drowsiness, shortly after the person falls asleep, or just after he or she awakens. They are often associated with other neurologic abnormalities.

  20. Tonic-clonic seizures are commonly referred to as grand mal seizures. They consist of several motor behaviors, including generalized tonic extension of the extremities lasting for few seconds followed by clonic rhythmic movements and prolonged postictal confusion.

  21. Atonic seizures occur in people with clinically significant neurologic abnormalities. These seizures consist of brief loss of postural tone, often resulting in falls and injuries. The ictal EEG correlate is similar to abnormalities observed in tonic seizures. Jenny

  22. Ⅲ 正常脑电图以及癫痫后脑电图特点

  23. 正常脑电图是怎样的? • 健康人除个体差异外,在一生不同的年龄阶段,脑电图都各有其特点,但就正常成人脑电图来讲,其波形、波幅、频率和位相等都具有一定的特点。临床上根据其频率的高低将波形分成以下四种: • β波:频率在13C/S以上,波幅约为δ波的一半,额部及中央区最明显。 • α波:频率在8~ 13C/S,波幅25~75μV,以顶枕部最明显,双侧大致同步,重复节律地出现δ波称θ节律。 • Φ波:频率为4~7C/S,波幅20~40μV,是儿童的正常脑电活动,两侧对称,颞区多见。 • δ波:频率为4C/S以下,δ节律主要在额区,是正常儿童的主要波率,单个的和非局限性的小于20μV的δ波是正常的,局灶性的δ波则为异常。δ波和β波统称为慢波。

  24. 癫痫病人脑电图中的异常波形 一、棘波:1/50--1/14S 二、尖波:1/14--1/5S 共同特征:1.波幅高,周期短 2.波的上升和下降速度快,特别是上升快 3.不形成持续的背景脑电活动,作为一过性(短暂)现象出现

  25. 三、多棘波 多棘波:为2~6个棘波成簇单独出现。有时也随附一个或多个慢波,形成多棘-慢复合波,多见于肌阵挛性癫痫,是多棘—慢复合波的一种变异形式。但当棘波连续出现,数量增加,频率变快,或由某一脑区逐渐扩散至整个大脑时,则预示患者将出现临床发作,或系发作开始的脑电图表现,且多为大发作

  26. 棘-慢复合波是由棘波和周期为200~500毫秒慢波所组成的,均为负相波,正相波出现者极为少见。波幅一般较高,达105~300微伏,甚者达500微伏以上。棘-慢复合波频率不同其临床意义亦不相同,典型3赫兹棘-慢复合节律,多见于失神小发作,而1、2.5赫兹棘-慢复合波最多见于Lennox-Gastaut综合征。棘-慢复合波是由棘波和周期为200~500毫秒慢波所组成的,均为负相波,正相波出现者极为少见。波幅一般较高,达105~300微伏,甚者达500微伏以上。棘-慢复合波频率不同其临床意义亦不相同,典型3赫兹棘-慢复合节律,多见于失神小发作,而1、2.5赫兹棘-慢复合波最多见于Lennox-Gastaut综合征。 四、棘-慢复合波

  27. 五、多棘-慢复合波 • 多棘-慢复合波:是由数个棘波和一个慢波组成,常成串连续出现或不规则出现。棘波波幅高低不一,但一般不超过慢波。常预示有痉挛发作,是肌阵挛性癫痫最具特征的波形之一。

  28. 六、尖-慢复合波 尖-慢复合波:尖波后跟一个慢波。一般为1.5~2.5Hz尖-慢复合波,亦觉见4~6Hz尖-慢复合波。出现形式多种多样,多呈不规则同步爆发,也可见弥漫性或连续性出现,亦可一侧性或局限性出现。多见于颞叶癫痫,弥漫性尖-慢节律见于顽固性大发作和失动性小发作,提示脑组织深部存在较广泛的癫痫病灶。

  29. 尖-慢复合波

  30. 七、阵发性或爆发性活动 • 阵发性或爆发性活动:亦称发作性节律波。即于原有脑电图背景上出现阵发性高波幅节律。其成分为δ节律、θ节律、α节律和β节律,多呈高波幅发放,明显区别于背景脑电图,突然出现,突然消失。多源于中央脑系统病灶发出,但诊断价值不如上述放电波形。

  31. 癫痫发作期的脑电图表现 • 与发作间期痫样放电相似,是这种发作间期痫性放电的延续。 • 有些则与发作间期的脑电图表现完全不同,出现一种全新的脑电图模式。

  32. 1.发作初期:此期由于病人尚无临床发作,很少有伪迹干扰,分析上较方便,因而对利用脑电图来判断癫痫放电的起源有重要意义,特别是在有部分性发作的病人中更是如此。1.发作初期:此期由于病人尚无临床发作,很少有伪迹干扰,分析上较方便,因而对利用脑电图来判断癫痫放电的起源有重要意义,特别是在有部分性发作的病人中更是如此。

  33. (1)脑电低平:表现为脑电背景活动波幅降低,多数情况下同时有脑电活动频率的增加,而原有的放电可能中断。持续时间一般2-7秒。发作初期的脑电低平可单独出现,也可与其它改变同时出现,如出现在短暂的爆发性电活动后可为泛化性,也可为某局部最明显。(1)脑电低平:表现为脑电背景活动波幅降低,多数情况下同时有脑电活动频率的增加,而原有的放电可能中断。持续时间一般2-7秒。发作初期的脑电低平可单独出现,也可与其它改变同时出现,如出现在短暂的爆发性电活动后可为泛化性,也可为某局部最明显。

  34. (2)募集节律(recruittingrhytnm):主要表现为脑电活动频率的降低和波幅的逐渐增高。可为泛化性(整个背景活动)或局限性。可为最初改变,但也可在其它爆发性脑电异常后或在脑电低平的基础上出现。(2)募集节律(recruittingrhytnm):主要表现为脑电活动频率的降低和波幅的逐渐增高。可为泛化性(整个背景活动)或局限性。可为最初改变,但也可在其它爆发性脑电异常后或在脑电低平的基础上出现。

  35. (3)爆发性放电:可为各种脑电异常,如爆发性高波幅慢波、尖波、棘波、棘-慢、多棘-慢波等。在全身性癫痫发作中较常见,可能以某种节律出现在整个发作期或为单个或数个波;(3)爆发性放电:可为各种脑电异常,如爆发性高波幅慢波、尖波、棘波、棘-慢、多棘-慢波等。在全身性癫痫发作中较常见,可能以某种节律出现在整个发作期或为单个或数个波; (4)原有癫痫放电的增加:少见,有时伴募集样改变。

  36. 2.发作中:尖波 棘波 棘慢波 多棘慢波 等 多种波形 同时出现或分别出现 一个或多个导联中出现 3.发作后:指临床发作停止后至脑电恢复正常或恢复到发作前状态。时间可短至数秒(甚至缺如),也可长至数十分钟。此段时间内由于病人已趋于安静,描记效果较好,对诊断同样重要,个别病人甚至仅在此期才发现有意义的改变。

  37. (1)发作后抑制:最常见,主要表现为慢活动,同时有脑电活动成分的减少,脑电描记曲线明显平滑。(1)发作后抑制:最常见,主要表现为慢活动,同时有脑电活动成分的减少,脑电描记曲线明显平滑。

  38. (2)发作后激活:较少见。表现为明显的阵发性癫痫放电,而这种放电未在发作前出现或在发作前所表现的癫痫放电在发作后有明显的增加。(2)发作后激活:较少见。表现为明显的阵发性癫痫放电,而这种放电未在发作前出现或在发作前所表现的癫痫放电在发作后有明显的增加。

  39. 鉴别诊断(1) • 假性癫痫发作:又称癔病性发作,可表现为运动、感觉、自动症、意识模糊等类似癫痫发作症状。多在精神受刺激后发病,发作中哭叫、闭眼、眼球躲避、瞳孔正常等为假性发作的特点,且发作握拳时大拇指多在外(癫痫发作时握拳大拇指多在内),发作时脑电图上无癫痫样发电,录像脑电监测系统对鉴别假性发作很有意义。

  40. 鉴别诊断(2) • 晕厥:为脑血流灌注短暂全面降低、缺氧所至的意识瞬时丧失。一般有明显诱因,常见有久站、剧痛、见血、情绪激动等,常有恶心、头晕、眼花、无力等先驱症状,发作时面色苍白,脉搏不规则。摔倒时不像癫痫那样突然,而是比较缓慢。晕厥时伴抽动时,其与强直-阵挛发作亦不同,表现为肢体过度伸展,阵挛期也较短。难以区别复杂的晕厥与癫痫时,需借助EEG和EKG。

  41. 鉴别诊断(3) TIA:TIA发作时若表现为一过性记忆丧失、幻觉、行为异常和短暂意识丧失,易与CPS相混淆,但患者既往无发复发作史,有动脉硬化,年龄偏大及EEG无痫样波等特点可资鉴别。 • 发作性低血糖:可见意识障碍、精神症状,极似复杂部分性发作。但发作多在清晨,持续时间较长,发作时血糖降低,脑电图呈弥漫性慢波,口服或静注葡萄糖可迅速缓解。

  42. 病因及流行病学 • 见于各种细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑炎,以及寄生虫病,如猪囊虫、血吸虫、弓形虫等。  • 细菌性感染:常见的有结核性脑膜炎、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、布鲁杆菌性脑炎、蛛网膜炎等。急性期可作为其临床表现的症状之一,晚朝亦可遗有癫痫发作及脑部电图痫性放电,癫痫发作形式可为全身性或部分性发作。  

  43. 病因及流行病学 病毒性感染:常见的急性感染有流行性乙型脑炎、单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎、带状疱疹病毒性脑炎等。急性感染者除在急性期发作外,在康复期亦可遗有脑软化、萎缩性病灶及反复的癫痫发作。慢性型者在病情的进展过程中可伴有部分性或全身性癫痫发作。     此外,因病毒感染所致的“散发性脑炎”也常有癫痫发作, 或以癫痫为其主要临床表现。

  44. 病因及流行病学 寄生虫感染(?):常见的脑寄生虫病有脑囊虫病、脑包虫病、脑血吸虫病、脑肺吸虫病、脑弓形体病、脑旋毛虫病及脑型疟疾。其中北方最常引起的癫痫发作者为脑囊虫病,系猪绦虫幼虫囊尾蚴寄生于脑内所致。常表现为全身性强直一阵挛性发作和部分性发作。在南方常引起癫痫发作的为脑血吸虫病。 

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