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Understanding Religious Beliefs and Evolution through History

Explore the evolution of religious beliefs, from Catholicism and Protestantism to the Reformation and beyond. Discover the impact of major reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin, and delve into the origins of Hinduism and Judaism. Gain insights into the diverse ways communities in the UK practice their faith and understand the significance of religious traditions in shaping societies worldwide. Uncover the deep-rooted philosophies that have influenced civilizations for centuries.

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Understanding Religious Beliefs and Evolution through History

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  1. Chapter 10 Beliefs

  2. Why to have religion?

  3. Religions • Offer a way to rejoice, to give thanks • Provide comfort, a community, a moral code, traditions • Give to the needy

  4. Religions • The Golden Rule: to treat the others the way you want to be treated • Believe in a supreme power: monotheism, polytheism, spirits, ghosts, goddesses, nature

  5. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?Paul Gauguin, 1897–1898

  6. The UK population: by religion, April 2001

  7. Religious composition of ethnic groups, April 2001, England & Wales

  8. The Knowledge Contest!

  9. The Catholic Faith in Jesus • Half of the world’s Christians • Infants are baptised shortly after birth • Coming-of-age ceremony at ages 13-15 • Priests and bishop officiate • Christ’s teachings in the Bible’s New Testament

  10. The Catholic Faith in Jesus • “Sign of the Cross”—the Holy Trinity • Father—God, Son—Jesus, Holy Spirit—presence of God • Eucharist—sacred ritual of Holy Communication — Lord’s Supper • Visual churches

  11. The Catholic Faith in Jesus • To worship Jesus with all 5 of their senses • Music for the ears, • Incense for the nose, • Statues and art for the eyes, • Little old ladies reach out and touch something; the beads • To worship Jesus through the taste in communion

  12. Protestant • Each denomination (church group) worships differently • Some—confirmations at ages 13-15 • Some baptise infants to wash away old sin • Roger Williams—Baptist Church, 1638

  13. The Protestant Reformation • Nearly 16 centuries of unbroken Catholic domination of Christianity, the then wealthiest and most powerful institution on earth • 1302, a formal decree—no salvation outside the Roman Catholic Church • The Pope—ultimate truth and power, religious or political

  14. BackgroundSerious problems • Turmoil within the Church • Moving from Rome to Avignon, France • New papal tower constructed—symbol of the enormous power of papacy • Fondness of richness and treasure—corruption of the papal core

  15. BackgroundSerious problems • People being disturbed • Violent war between France & England (over a century) • 1347, a massive outbreak of the black plague—25 million Europeans, 4 years

  16. BackgroundSerious problems • In Rome, a second Pope elected • 31 years of battle for control of the church • A third Pope—1409-1415 • The situation eventually resolved

  17. BackgroundDamage • Who to believe? • Arrogance & corruption instead of truth & goodness • Need of reform • Risks of “heresy”: being put on trial or burned at a stake, eg. Johaness Hus: Czechoslovakia

  18. The Reformer • Martin Luther: Germany • Strong religious and political belief • The discovery of Christopher Columbus • The mass production of books

  19. The Reformer • October 31st, 1517, to post a list of 95 criticisms, protesting the sale of indulgences • An indulgence: a spiritual favor granted by the church to sinners • By making difficult spiritual sacrifices • Important source of income for the church

  20. The Reformer • Faith in Bible alone • Refusal to yield to the Pope • 3 revolutionary books sold in Germany • January 3rd, 1521, banished from Church • Translation of the Bible into German

  21. The Reformer • John Calvin: predestination (Switzerland) • A terrible example of the majesty of God • To work hard and be thrifty • Capitalism flourished • A special police force to maintain public morality • Burning heretics

  22. The Reformer • Henry VIII: divorce (England) • The Pope’s refusal to grant him annulment • The enraged king—Act of Supremacy, supreme head of the Church of England • Six wives • The Roman Church’s control of land and demand of more money from Henry VIII • Dissolution of monasteries

  23. The Reformer • After his death • The Common Prayer, Sacraments • 42 articles • Mary I • Elizabeth I

  24. Orthodox • Orthos: "right“; doxa: "belief" • Different in the way of life and worship • Maintaining the correct form of worshiping God, passed on from the very beginnings of Christianity • Ancient Jewish translation into Greek called the Septuagint

  25. Hinduism • It does not have • a single founder, • a specific theological system, • a single system of morality, • or a central religious organization. 

  26. Hinduism • It consists of "thousands of different religious groups that have evolved in India since 1500 BCE." • Henotheistic: a single deity, & other Gods and Goddesses as manifestations or aspects of that supreme God

  27. Judaism • 4000 years ago, Abraham (Iraq) • Abraham’s great-grandson: Yehuda, or Judah (Hebrew: priest) • Rabbi & cantor: coming of age ceremony • The Torah (the Hebrew scriptures) scrolls • The Exodus from Egypt

  28. Judaism • Holidays • Rosh Hashana—Jewish New Year • Yom Kippur—Day of Atonement • Hanukkah—Festival of Lights

  29. Judaism • Jewish Golden Rule: • “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellowman.” • Torah, Shabbat, 3id

  30. Islam • Prophets: • Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus, Muhammed (the final messenger of God) • Islam: submission to God • Muslims, Christians, Jews: same God • Islam & terrorism—Jihad

  31. Islam • Salaama: Arabic for peace • Qur’an—Koran (the exact word of God) • Various cultural practices • Women and the head scarf • Friday: the religious day • Praying 5 times a day, facing Mecca (Saudi Arabia)

  32. Islam • Coming of age: • Boys: 15, praying • Girls: 9, scarf and long sleeves? • Allah/God • Ramadan (fasting) • Imam (supreme leader, prayer leader)

  33. The Five Pillars of Islam • Shahadah: pledge of faith • Salah: daily prayers • Sawm: fasting • Zakah: giving • Hajj: pilgrimage (millions of Muslims)

  34. Muslim Golden Rule • “Love for others what you love for yourself and dislike for others what you dislike for yourself.” • Muhammed (Hadith) • Hadith, the report of the sayings, deeds and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad

  35. Mosque

  36. Sikhism • An Indian religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements • Punjab, late 15th century, by Guru Nanak • Nanak: the first of the Ten Gurus, of whom Sikhs consider themselves disciples

  37. Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple)Gurdwara (Gateway to the Guru)

  38. Sikhism • One God for all people of all religions, full equality of all people, of men and women • Living a virtuous and truthful life • Condemnation of blind rituals such as fasting, visiting places of pilgrimage, superstitions, worship of the dead, idol worship etc.

  39. Atheism • An atheist believes there is no god or gods. • An Agnostic believes it cannot be known if a god or gods exist. • Moral code of behavior • Life’s meaning

  40. Taoism

  41. Taoism • A more relaxed and natural way of finding happiness • 300BC • Tao: a silent, pure, all powerful force that existed before there is heaven or earth • Living in harmony with nature

  42. Taoism • Secularisation: ornate shrines, brilliantly-colored statues, offering • Chinese folk gods • Public rituals • Immortality

  43. Lao Tzu • Contrastive unification mutually convertible • Good Fotune Lieth Within Bad, Bad Fortune Lurketh With Good. • A small country with a small population • Daodejing/Tao Te Ching—Classic of the Way and Its Power

  44. Chuang Tzu • The all-in-one idea—Tao as the root and basis for all existence and transformation • Spiritual freedom—I’d rather be dragging my tail in the mud. • Zhuang Zi/Chuang Tzu (Nanhuajing)— • Neipian (Inner Chapters) • Waipian (Outer Chapters) • Zapian (Miscellaneous Chapters)

  45. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/china_people.html • Fangxian Tao—Alchemy and Immortals • Huanglao Tao—Reigns of Wen and Jing (the Western Han Dynasty) • Huangdi (Yellow Emperor) and Lao Zi • Wudoumi Tao (Zhengyi Tao orTianshi Tao) and Taiping Tao • Five Decaliter of Rice Sect & Peace Sect: immortality, spells

  46. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/china_people.html • Quanzhen Tao—Baiyun Temple • 王嚞张三丰 • 马钰、谭处端、刘处玄、丘处机 (The Great Master“大宗师” "活神仙")、王处一、郝大通、孙不二(The Taoist Holy Man“真人”) • Wang Chongyang—the theory of the three religions of the same origin; to cultivate oneself

  47. Buddhism

  48. Buddha • Sakyamuni—Siddhartha Gautama, born on April 8, 464BC, a Hindu prince in India, in search of wisdom through poverty and meditation • Buddha (sanscrit: the enlightened one) • Buddhism—A religion, a discipline, a practice

  49. Buddhism • Suffering • Craving • Dharma • Karma • Reincarnation

  50. Buddhism • Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana Buddhism (大、小乘 ) • social concern and universal salvation (Japan, Korea, Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, and China): one for all; heal the world • the non-theistic ideal of self-purification to nirvana (Sri Lanka, Burma, China, and Cambodia): all for one; all by myself

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