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Introduction to Humdrum: Encoding Systems in Music Analysis

This course outlines various encoding systems used for music analysis, focusing on the goals, means, and syntax of formats such as MIDI, ASCII, SCORE, MuseData, and MusicXML. Participants will learn about binary, time-ordered, variable-length scores, and explore event-based and object-based encoding methods. Key applications include melodic analysis, harmonic tools, and musical feature localization. The course is designed for students interested in the interplay of music representation and technology, providing foundational knowledge for further exploration in music computing.

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Introduction to Humdrum: Encoding Systems in Music Analysis

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  1. 8 Introduction to Humdrum Mus 253/CS 275A Stanford University Winter Quarter

  2. Encoding systems: Goals, Means, Syntax • Binary; time-ordered;var-length; score Types 0, 1] • MIDI: Sound • Event-based 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  3. Encoding systems: Goals, Means, Syntax • Binary; time-ordered;var-length; score Types 0, 1] • ASCII; score/spatially- ordered; var. no fields • MIDI: Sound • SCORE: Graphics • Event-based • Object-based 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  4. Encoding systems: Goals, Means, Syntax • Binary; time-ordered;var-length; score Types 0, 1] • ASCII; score/spatially- ordered; var. no fields • ASCII; fixed/expandable; part-ordered [=MIDI Type 1] • MIDI: Sound • SCORE: Graphics • MuseData: Core rep. • Event-based • Object-based • Event-based 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  5. Encoding systems: Goals, Means, Syntax • Binary; time-ordered;var-length; score Types 0, 1] • ASCII; score/spatially- ordered; var. no fields • ASCII; fixed/expandable; part-ordered [=MIDI Type 1] • ASCII; fixed/expandable; time- or score-ordered • MIDI: Sound • SCORE: Graphics • MuseData: Core rep. • MusicXML: interchange • Event-based • Object-based • Event-based • Attribute-based 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  6. Encoding systems: Goals, Means, Syntax • Binary; time-ordered;var-length; score Types 0, 1] • ASCII; score/spatially- ordered; var. no fields • ASCII; fixed/expandable; part-ordered [=MIDI Type 1] • ASCII; fixed/expandable; time- or score-ordered • ASCII; score-ordered but no spatial information [=MIDI Type 0]; selective attribute encoding permitted • MIDI: Sound • SCORE: Graphics • MuseData: Core rep. • MusicXML: interchange • **kern: Analysis data • Event-based • Object-based • Event-based • Attribute-based • Event-based 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  7. Humdrum: Goal and History Goal: encoding for analysis Inventor: David Huron Orientation: Context-free grammar • Adaptable to many repertories • Features and representations can be extended • Features can be minimized • Data content sometimes unpredictable 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  8. A Humdrum File • !!!OTL: Frere Jacques • !!!YEC: ESF 1999 • **kern **text • *M4/4 • *k[ ] * • !soprano !lyrics • !!First phrase • =1 =1 • 4c Fre- • 4d re • 4e Jac- • 4c ques, • =2 =2 • 4c Fre- • 4d re • 4e Jac- • 4c ques, . …………. Spines !!Fourth phrase =7 =7 4c Din, 4G don, 2c din. =8 =8 4c Din, 4G don, 2c din. =9 =9 *- *- 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  9. Elements of a **kern spine Measure markers: =Single bar-line ==Double bar-line Comment records: !!!Reference records !! Global comments ! Local comments Interpretation records: **Exclusive interpretation *Tandem interpretation *>xForm marker *-End-of-spine marker Tandem interpretations: *staff<1> staff no. *clef<G2> clef name *<G:> key name *k[f#c#]key signature *M<2/4> meter signature 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  10. Singer's Humdrum Explorer (Win) 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  11. Uses of Humdrum Bret Aarden (2000): GPS-based localization of musical features Jane Singer (2000): Melodic analysis 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  12. Uses…. Veltman (2002) Accent in Palestrina 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  13. Humdrum Operations Unix-based Unix regular expressions (grep) Humdrum-specific File-manipulation commands (assemble, yank) Sound-management tools (record, perform) Pitch re-identification tools (frequency, cents) Duration and accent tools (beat, accent pos.) Melody tools (e.g. melodic intervals) Harmony tools (e.g. harmonic intervals) 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

  14. Kornstaedt: scr2hdm [Score to Humdrum] **kern **layout *Icor *SCORE *Itrd4c7 * =1 =1 *clefG2 * *M4/4 * 4G 1 14 13.3602 2 10 0 1| 16 14 13.6785 17 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 13.2094 dolcissimo| 5 14 14.4385 10.5 ... 4c 1 14 19.5083 5 10 0 1 4c 1 14 25.654 5 10 0 1|5 14 27.0518 8 10 32.0118 1.348 -1 4e 1 14 31.7996 7 10 0 1|14 14 37.9542 1 =2 =2 ... ... 2009 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

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