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Chapter 3 – Part II

Chapter 3 – Part II. Chesapeake Colonies. How was the Chesapeake region different from NE…. Agriculturally? Large scale cash crops ( Ches. ) vs. subsistence (NE) Tobacco, plantations In religion? Primarily Anglican vs. Puritan Demographically? NE more densely pop. – small clustered areas

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Chapter 3 – Part II

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  1. Chapter 3 – Part II Chesapeake Colonies

  2. How was the Chesapeake region different from NE… • Agriculturally? • Large scale cash crops (Ches.) vs. subsistence (NE) • Tobacco, plantations • In religion? • Primarily Anglican vs. Puritan • Demographically? • NE more densely pop. – small clustered areas • NE larger pop. By 1700

  3. Church and State in VA • Religious order in VA: • Anglican church official religion • Tax money went to church • Lack of clergy = lack of regular services • Political order in VA: • Bi-cameral legislature elected by landowners • House of Burgesses • Sheriffs/Justices of the Peace – unelected, based on English system, acted as judges • Politics and religion controlled by wealthy planters

  4. Church and State in Maryland • Religion in MD: • Founded as Catholic haven by Lord Baltimore (Calvert) • Calvert stayed home, so did most Catholics • Protestant majority – bought most land, thus exercised power thru wealth

  5. Church and State in MD • Act for Religious Toleration – features: • Emerged after Catholics and Protestants bickered over sharing chapels • Only Christian faiths legally protected • Did NOT separate church and state • state prosecuted crimes against Christian values • Aftermath? • Tolerant gov. ousted • several Catholic leaders hanged • Catholics repressed until 1658 (Calvert takes control)

  6. Social Structure in Chesapeake • How did indentured servitude affect society? • More males than females = unbalanced pop. • Slow pop. Growth (no kids!!!) • High death rates • Wealthy monopolized production • Why was NE bigger? • More balanced pop. = more reproduction, growth • How did women fare in Ind. Serv? • Advantage – many suitors • Could marry well, buy out terms

  7. Indentured Servitude • How was life after servitude? • Poor – saved little $$$ • Laws required little be given to freedmen – money or land • Little land left to buy • Why did Ind. Serv. fade out? • Rise in wages in England – few needed to enter service

  8. Agriculture in Chesapeake • Why was the region so suitable for tobacco? • Fertile soil • Level ground • Near navigable water (reduces trans. costs) • Absence of strong merchant class – why? • Wealthy planters built their own wharves • no middle man to control trade – planters controlled distribution • Tobacco prices – what happens? • Prices drop after 1629 – still profitable, but not as wildly as before

  9. Growth of Slavery in Chesapeake • Advantages of slavery? • Slaves became cheaper after trade monopolies ended • After 1660, slavery legally defined as lifelong & inherited – more stable labor force • High initial investment, but one-time fee • Social control method • How did slavery reduce class conflict? • Whites bonded against Africans as pagans, outsiders

  10. The Southern Colonies

  11. Agriculture in the South

  12. Agriculture & Society in the South • How did cash crops transform society in the South and Caribbean? • Sugarcane and rice more labor intensive • MANY more slaves imported (whites often minority) • Planters monopolized land • Why was slavery almost ideal for rice farmers? • Many slaves had cult. rice in Africa • Already had immunity to diseases common in swampy areas (malaria, yellow fever, etc.)

  13. The Middle Colonies

  14. Pre-existing Colonies: New Netherland & New Sweden • What was New Netherland society like? • Diverse – many nationalities, religions • Fur trade dominated economy • Why were they important? • Became NY, and parts of NJ, Penn., and Delaware • Enormous trading port (NY) • 1st log cabins (New Sweden)

  15. Oh Yeah!!!! Hutte!

  16. New York • How did New Neth. become a British colony? • Taken from Dutch (profitable, big port, nutmeg) • What was NY’s social structure? • Wealthy landed elite • owned land along rivers • charged rents to farmers

  17. Pennsylvania • Founder? • William Penn • Purpose? • Religious experiment • Quakers • Economic profit

  18. Religion in Penn. • What were Quaker beliefs/practices? • Started by George Fox • “inner light” could inspire every soul • Direct relationship w/ God • No need for clergy • Challenged traditional church authority • Socially egalitarian • Why were they disliked in England? • Did not defer to social “superiors” • Wore hats in court • Would not swear oaths • Would not serve in military • Appeared unpatriotic, rebellious, radical

  19. Politics in Penn. • Political Structure: • Strong executive (governor) • Legislative branch w/ limited powers • Quaker majority, controlled gov’t • Social Structure • Few hostilities w/ Natives • Social order maintained • Grid system in Philadelphia

  20. Why Was Penn. Initially Successful? • Environment: • Fewer Natives in Delaware valley • Coexistence w/ Natives • Geography • Fertile soil • Long growing season • Demographics • Quaker couples = high birthrate

  21. Quaker downfall • Why did Quakers lose power in Penn.? • George Keith – wanted to formalize Quaker church • Est. clergy & rules • Viewed as undemocratic • Keith’s requests denied • Keith leaves Penn. • Many Quakers follow • Immigration slows • Quaker majority shrinks

  22. Summary of Middle Colonies • Socially • Proves that diversity can work in America (religious and national) • Politically • Most clear sep. of church & state • PA, NJ, Delaware = no fees to church • Economically • Diverse – many trades • Lucrative fur trade mandates busy ports

  23. Spanish & French claims in America • How were French & Spanish settlements different from British? • Much more widely scattered • Less densely pop. • More successful in converting natives to Christianity • Fewer land conflicts

  24. New France • Where? • Mostly in Canada and interior North America • Economic activities: • Fur trade • Little farming – short growing season • Complex trade networks w/ Natives • Military alliances w/ Natives • Why did growth slow? • Immigration slowed • Tales of disease, harsh winters

  25. Spanish Colonies • Florida, New Mexico, New Spain • Spanish relations w/ Natives: • Forced religion • Forced labor • Causes of Pueblo revolt: • Spanish missionaries destroyed sacred Pueblo religious sites • Tortured Indian leaders • Effects of Pueblo revolt: • Spanish driven from NM 1680-92 • End of encomienda system • End of forced religious conversion

  26. Chapter 3 Summary • Whose North American colonies were the most prosperous by 1700? • England • Why? • More people • More agriculture • Bigger labor force • Close to Atlantic • Gov’t supervision

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