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Understanding Genetics: Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Variability

This overview explores the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction, emphasizing the genetic implications of each process. Sexual reproduction combines genetic material from two parents, resulting in offspring with diverse genetic combinations. In contrast, asexual reproduction creates identical clones from a single parent. The roles of mitosis and meiosis in cell division are also discussed, alongside the concepts of gametes, haploid and diploid cells, and the significance of alleles, homozygosity, and heterozygosity. This foundational knowledge is vital for understanding genetic concepts such as genotype and phenotype.

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Understanding Genetics: Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Variability

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  1. Genetics Test Reveiw

  2. Sexual –v- Asexual Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction • Two parents • Each parent gives 1 copy of each chromosome • Offspring are a genetic combination of both parents DNA • Asexual reproduction • One parent • Parent gives exact copy of DNA • Offspring are identical to the parent

  3. Mitosis –v- Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Parent cell – diploid Nucleus divides twice 4 daughter cells produced Daughter cells have half of the number of chromosomes as parent cell (haploid) Used for production of sperm and egg cells (gametes) • Parent cell – diploid • Nucleus divides once • 2 daughter cells produced • Daughter cells have same number of chromosomes as parent cell (diploid) • Used for growth, repair, asexual reproduction

  4. What are gametes? • Gametes are reproductive cells (sex cells) • Gametes are haploid (contain only one copy of each chromosome) • Male gametes are called sperm • Female gametes are eggs

  5. Compare haploid and diploid cells • Haploid cells only have one copy of each chromosome • Diploid cells have 2 copies of each chromosome Humans have 46 chromosomes total (23 pairs)

  6. Alleles… • Alleles are a different forms of a gene • Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles • Represented by a capital letter • Recessive alleles only show when there is no dominant allele present • Represented by a lower case letter

  7. Homozygous and Heterozygous… • Homozygous means two of the SAME • Either two dominant (AA) • Or two recessive (aa) • Heterozygous means one of each • Aa • Shows the dominant trait

  8. Genotype and phenotype.. • Genotype is the genetic makeup • Represented by letters • Ex/ AA, Aa, aa • Phenotype is the physical trait • What you see, depends on the genotype • Ex/ blonde hair, tall, red flowers

  9. Punnett Squares • Ss x ss • Ratios – • Genotype: 50% Ss, 50% ss • Phenotype: 50% long hair, 50% short hair

  10. Punnett square • Tt x Tt • Ratios • Genotype: 25% TT, 50% Tt, 25% tt • Phenotype: 75% Spots, 25 % No spots

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