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1954

1954. Brown vs. Board of Education: U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation in public schools. August 1955. Murder of Emmett Till, a Chicago youth visiting Southern relatives, who was murdered for speaking to a white woman. His open casket funeral

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1954

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  1. 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education: U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation in public schools.

  2. August 1955 Murder of Emmett Till, a Chicago youth visiting Southern relatives, who was murdered for speaking to a white woman. His open casket funeral set off waves of protest vs. southern racism

  3. December 1955 Bus Boycott was launched in Montgomery, Alabama after Rosa Parks’ arrest December 1st for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. Bus boycott begins December 5th

  4. 1956 December 21... ...after more than a year of boycotting the buses and a legal fight, the Montgomery buses desegregate by ruling of the Supreme Court

  5. 1957 August Congress passes 1st Civil Rights Act since Reconstruction: to ensure all African Americans could exercise their right to vote. In 1957, only ~20% of African Americans had registered to vote

  6. 1957 September The Little Rock 9 (Nine African American students) who chose to attend white Little Rock HS are protected by the 101st Airborne sent by President Eisenhower to enforce school desegregation

  7. 1960 February The sit-in protest movement begins at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C. and spreads across the nation.

  8. November 1960 Ruby Bridges in New Orleans

  9. 1960 December The Supreme Court outlaws segregation in bus terminals

  10. May 1961 Freedom Rides Begin from Washington DC: Groups of black and white people ride buses through the South to test compliance with recent Supreme Court ruling prohibiting segregation on public transport

  11. May 1961 Freedom Rides The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South.

  12. May 1961 Freedom Rides Outside Anniston, Alabama, one of their buses was burned, and in Birmingham several dozen whites attacked the riders only two blocks from the sheriff's office.

  13. May 1961 Freedom Rides CORE Leaders decided that letting violence end the trip would send the wrong signal to the country. They reinforced the remaining riders with volunteers, and the trip continued. The group traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery without incident, but on their arrival in Montgomery they were savagely attacked by a mob of >1000 whites.

  14. May 1961 Freedom Rides The extreme violence and the indifference of local police prompted a national outcry of support for the riders, putting pressure on President Kennedy to end the violence.

  15. May 1961 Freedom Rides By the end of the summer, the protests had spread to train stations and airports across the South, and in November, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued rules prohibiting segregated transportation facilities.

  16. April 1962 Voter Registration Drives Mississippi was 45% black, but only 5% were registered to vote. Some counties did not have a single registered black voter.

  17. April 1962 Voter Registration Drives Whites insisted that blacks did not want to vote, but this was not true. Many blacks wanted to vote, but they worried, and rightfully so, that they might lose their job.

  18. April 1962 Voter Registration Drives In 1962, over 260 blacks in Madison County overcame this fear and waited in line to register. Fifty more came the next day. Only seven got in to take the test over the next two days.

  19. April 1962 Voter Registration Drives Once they got in, they had to take a test designed to prevent them from becoming registered. In 1954, blacks were asked to “read and interpret” a portion of the state constitution.

  20. April 1962 Voter Registration Drives Most blacks, even with doctoral degrees, “failed” Most whites, however, passed, no matter what their educational level.

  21. April 1962 Voter Registration Drives One George County white man’s response to “There shall be no imprisonment for debt”was... “I thank that a Neorger should have 2 years in collage before voting because he don’t under stand.” (sic). He passed. (red portions are the white man’s mistakes)

  22. 1963 Birmingham, AL Police arrest King and other ministers demonstrating in Birmingham, Alabama—and then turn fire hoses and police dogs on the marchers—mostly children

  23. 1963 Birmingham, AL Martin Luther King, Jr. writes his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” in response to white ministers who sympathize, BUT...criticize King for “bad timing” and trying to change too much too quickly

  24. August 1963 Washington DC 250,000 people attend the March on Washington DC urging support for pending civil-right legislation. The event was highlighted by King's "I Have a Dream" speech.

  25. 15 September 1963 Birmingham Four girls killed in KKK bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church while getting ready for Sunday School play

  26. January 1964 Poll taxes are outlawed in federal elections

  27. June 1964 Freedom summer brings 1,000 young civil rights volunteers to Mississippi from all over the nation

  28. June 1964 3 civil rights workers: 2 white and out-of-state, 1 black and local —abducted and slain by KKK.

  29. July 1964 President Johnson signs The Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and public facilities

  30. February 1965 Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson, a civil rights marcher, by state trooper, while Jimmie was protecting his mother and grandfather from being beaten

  31. March 1965 March to Montgomery, part 1: Bloody Sunday at Edmund Pettus Bridge State troopers beat back marchers in Selma, Alabama

  32. March 1965 March to Montgomery, part 2: Civil Rights march— protected by Federal order— completed their march from Selma to Montgomery

  33. July 1965 Civil Rights Bill of 1965 = The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 Outlawed discriminatory voting practices that disenfranchised African Americans, echoing the 15th Amendment prohibiting states from imposing any voting qualification or prerequisite... This specifically outlawed literacy tests

  34. October 1967 Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as first black Supreme Court Justice

  35. 4 April 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis, TN on the 2nd floor balcony of Lorraine Hotel before attending an event supporting striking black sanitation workers

  36. 4 April 1968 On April 3, King had delivered his “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop”address in which he referenced the bomb threat against his plane coming to Memphis:

  37. 4 April 1968 “And then I got to Memphis. And some began to [talk about] the threats. Well, I don’t know what will happen now. We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn’t matter with me now. Because I’ve been to the mountaintop. And I don’t mind.

  38. 4 April 1968 Like anybody, I would like to live a long life...But I’m not concerned about that now. I just want to do God’s will. And He’s allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I’ve looked over. And I’ve seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. And I’m happy, tonight. I’m not worried about anything. I’m not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.”

  39. I, TooLangston HughesI, too, sing America.I am the darker brother.They send me to eat in the kitchenWhen company comes,But I laugh,And eat well,And grow strong.

  40. Tomorrow,I'll be at the tableWhen company comes.Nobody'll dareSay to me,"Eat in the kitchen,"Then.

  41. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I amAnd be ashamed—I, too, am America.

  42. 4 April 1968 According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, King’s last words on the balcony prior to his assassination were spoken to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night.

  43. 4 April 1968 “Ben, make sure you play “Take My Hand, Precious Lord” in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty.”

  44. 4 April 1968 Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy was in Indianapolis the night of King’s death. He gave a short impromptu speech to the group of blacks gathered there, asking them to continue King’s idea of non-violence. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89365887

  45. 4 April 1968 "My favorite poem, my — my favorite poet was Aeschylus,” Robert Kennedy said, "and he once wrote: Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.” .

  46. 4 April 1968 “What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence and lawlessness, but is love, and wisdom, and compassion toward one another, and a feeling of justice toward those who still suffer within our country, whether they be white or whether they be black.”

  47. 4 April 1968 Two months later, Robert Kennedy himself was felled an assassin's* bullet in Los Angeles celebrating victory in the CA primary *Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian immigrant opposed to RFK’s position of protecting the nation of Israel.

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