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CHAPTER FIVE

CHAPTER FIVE. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. RESPIRATION. ENERGY-RELEASING PROCESS THAT IS FUELED BY OXYGEN YOU BREATHE 6 LITERS PER MINUTE REMOVES THE WASTE PRODUCT CARBON DIOXIDE. NOSE AND THROAT. AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSTRILS – OPENINGS IN THE NOSE IT FLOWS TO THE NASAL CAVITY

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CHAPTER FIVE

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  1. CHAPTER FIVE

  2. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  3. RESPIRATION • ENERGY-RELEASING PROCESS THAT IS FUELED BY OXYGEN • YOU BREATHE 6 LITERS PER MINUTE • REMOVES THE WASTE PRODUCT CARBON DIOXIDE

  4. NOSE AND THROAT • AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSTRILS – OPENINGS IN THE NOSE • IT FLOWS TO THE NASAL CAVITY • HEATED BY BLOOD VESSELS • MUCUS MOISTENS THE AIR AND TRAPS DUST PARTICLES AND MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS

  5. A FRESH BATCH OF MUCUS IS PRODUCED EVERY 20 MINUTES • CILIA PUSH OLD MUCUS TOWARD THE ESOPHAGUS AND INTO THE STOMACH • HYDROCHLORIC ACID DESTROYS MANY BACTERIA TRAPPED IN THE MUCUS

  6. SNEEZE SOME PARTICLES NEVER MAKE IT PAST THE NOSE BECAUSE THEY ARE SNEEZED OUT

  7. EPIGLOTTIS SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE THAT CLOSES OVER THE ENTRANCE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WHEN FOOD AND WATER ARE INGESTED

  8. EPIGLOTTIS

  9. TRACHEA • KNOWN AS THE WINDPIPE • BUMPS ARE RINGS OF CARTILAGE • FLEXIBLE SO YOU CAN BEND YOUR NECK

  10. RIGID TO KEEP THE AIR PASSAGE OPEN • HELD TOGETHER BY SMOOTH MUSCLE THAT ENABLES THE DIAMETER TO BE CHANGED

  11. MUCUS TRAPS PARTICLES AND BACTERIA THAT MANAGE TO GET PAST THE NOSE • SWEPT OUT OF TRACHEA AND UP TO THE MOUTH OR NOSE BY CILIA • IF PARTICLES COLLECT – YOU COUGH

  12. LARYNX • VOICE BOX – LOCATED AT TOP OF TRACHEA • MADE OF CARTILAGE THAT JETS OUT OF THE NECK (ADAM’S APPLE) • LARGER IN MALES BECAUSE THEY GENERALLY HAVE LESS FAT

  13. MRI OF LARYNX

  14. VOCAL CORDS • TWO SMALL FOLDS OF TISSUE THAT STRETCH ACROSS THE LARYNX • MUSCLES TIGHTEN TO NARROW THE SLIT BETWEEN THEM

  15. RUSHING AIR MAKES THEM VIBRATE • HIGH VOICE – TIGHTER CORDS-VIBRATE RAPIDLY • LOW VOICE – MORE RELAXED – VIBRATE MORE SLOWLY

  16. VOCAL CORDS

  17. PITCH IS DETERMINED BY SIZE OF LARYNX AND LENGTH OF VOCAL CORDS

  18. TONGUE, LIPS, AND TEETH PLUS THE VIBRATION IN THE NASAL CAVITY GIVE YOUR VOICE A SPECIAL QUALITY

  19. LUNGS

  20. BRONCHI TWO TUBES THAT BRANCH OFF OF THE TRACHEA INTO EACH LUNG

  21. WINDPIPE LARYNX BRONCHI

  22. LUNGS • MAIN ORGAN OF RESPIRATION • BRONCHI CONTINUE TO DIVIDE IN THEM

  23. ALVEOLI • SACS AT ENDS OF THE BRONCHIAL TUBES • GATEWAYS FOR OXYGEN INTO THE BODY

  24. 600 MILLION IN LUNGS SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES • AS AIR ENTERS THE ALVEOLI, OXYGEN SEEPS THROUGH THE THIN WALLS INTO SURROUNDING CAPILLARIES • BLOOD CARRIES IT THROUGHOUT THE BODY • CARBON DIOXIDE IS EXCHANGED IN THE SAME WAY

  25. 2400 KILOMETERS OF AIRWAYS FIT INTO THE CHEST CAVITY • CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN IS EXCHANGED IN A FEW SECONDS

  26. BREATHE YOU BREATHE ABOUT 1 LITER OF AIR EVERY 10 SECONDS AT REST

  27. DIAPHRAGM • DOME-SHAPED MUSCLE • CONTRACTS TO BREATHE IN • ALLOWS CHEST TO EXPAND

  28. EXPANSION ALLOWS MORE ROOM FOR AIR IN YOUR LUNGS • AIR PRESSURE INSIDE DECREASES ALLOWING AIR TO RUSH IN FROM OUTSIDE

  29. EXHALE – DIAPHRAGM RETURNS TO NORMAL • SPACE DECREASES IN CHEST CAVITY • AIR PRESSURE INCREASES • AIR IS FORCED OUT

  30. THE DIAPHRAGM CAN BE CONTROLLED OR WORK AUTOMATICALLY

  31. HICCUP • DIAPHRAGM BECOMES IRRITATED – THE VOCAL CORDS SNAP SHUT • INCREASED LEVELS OF CARBON DIOXIDE WILL CAUSE INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS TO STOP • STOPS THE HICCUPS

  32. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

  33. EXCRETION PROCESS IN WHICH WASTE IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY

  34. THE KIDNEYS • ACT AS BODY’S FILTER – REMOVES WASTE AND POISONS FROM THE BLOOD • REDDISH BROWN AND SHAPED LIKE KIDNEY BEANS

  35. ONE KIDNEY ON EACH SIDE OF SPINAL COLUMN JUST ABOVE THE WAIST • 1 LITER OF BLOOD IS RECEIVED EACH MINUTE

  36. UREA NITROGEN WASTE FILTERED OUT OF THE BLOOD BY THE KIDNEYS

  37. PARTS OF THE KIDNEY

  38. NEPHRON • WHERE ACTUAL FILTERING TAKES PLACE • MILLIONS OF CHEMICAL FILTERING FACTORIES

  39. CAPSULE

  40. CAPSULE • CUP-SHAPED PART OF THE NEPHRON • CARRIES FILTERED MATERIALS TO TINY TWISTING TUBE

  41. MOST NUTRIENTS, SALTS AND WATER ARE REABSORBED • LIQUID REMAINING IS URINE • URINE IS 90% WATER

  42. IF THE BODY DID NOT REABSORB MOST OF THE NUTRIENTS, SALTS AND WATER IT WOULD DIE

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