A Consumer Oriented Tool for Dwelling Energy Retrofit Measure Assessment

1. A Consumer Oriented Tool for Dwelling Energy Retrofit Measure Assessment Daire Reilly School of Civil Engineering Prof. Aidan Duffy Dr. Michael Conlon David Willis 29/11/2013

2. Industry sponsored project: IRCSET Enterprise Partnership Scheme with ESB Electric Ireland Co- funded by ‘DIT Fiosraigh Extension of Funding’ scheme

3. Motivation • Climate change • GHG + CO2 • Global Warming • Potential to save • Buildings 40% of total EU energy consumption • Sector with largest potential to save energy • Retrofit is one of cheapest ways to save energy • Ireland has one of the least efficient housing stocks • Energy Policy • Kyoto, Cancun,Copenhagen • Europe 20 20 20 • Efficiency • Buildings • Ireland: NEEAP • Information Gap • No method for consumers to choose between performances of competing building retrofit measures. • Reliance on general stats and info from companies selling products. • Lack of unbiased accurate dwelling specific advice

4. Aim • To remove the barriers of uncertainty and lack of information from the consumer and to promote energy efficiency and renewable technology investment; • by providing economic and environmental performance information for competing energy efficiency and micro-generation retrofit measures calibrated on a case by case basis for individual dwellings

5. Objectives • Review energy industry standards in energy demand and energy efficiency/micro-generation modelling. • Develop and validate/verify consumer orientated dynamic techno-economic models which can be used to estimate the financial and environmental performance of energy efficient and micro-generation technologies when applied to individual dwellings within the Irish housing stock. • Optimise the model to output not only the most appropriate retrofit measures for the dwelling under study but to determine the optimised combination of retrofit measures suitable for the dwelling.

6. Thesis Layout/Method

7. Best Practice Review • Electric Ireland ‘in-house’ dwelling energy assessment method (HALO Surveyor Payback Calculator) • Review result: HSPC not fit for purpose • Use of aggregated data • No capture of thermal performance indicators of external envelope, or wall construction type • Use of ‘typical house’ methodology in conjunction with DEAP • No consideration given to occupancy pattern/ actual fuel use • Averaging of results across a range of house types, sizes • Assumptions regarding retrofit measures • DEAP • Review: should not be used to assess individual dwellings for energy retrofit • Asset rating methodology • Assumed occupancy • Standardised heating temperatures and schedules • Electricity use not considered • Literature

8. Prototype: Energy Wizard • An online resource for Irish Energy consumers • Predicts performance of retrofit measures • Asset rating based calculation technique • Calibrated to actual demand • Dual purpose • Address the disparity between the project timelines of industry and academic endeavours • Serve as a prototype for end product • Question type • Interface • Technical nature of questions/jargon

9. Energy Wizard: Method

10. Quick Quote

11. Requirements Elicitation for a User Oriented Model Scope • User Oriented • Model on dwelling by dwelling basis • Consider existing fuel consumption and operating schedules • Provide an end report with financial implications • Correlate with energy retrofit technologies recommended by SEAI and EU Directive 2006/36/EC. • Hourly (or smaller) time-steps • Implications of combinations of retrofits in addition to individual performances • Survey questions must be jargon free • Only recommend retrofit measures that are practical/ feasible • Must not use standardised operating conditions and heating schedules • U-values of heat transfer elements for its operation (attic, external walls, and windows) • External wall construction type • Air change rate/ permeability of the structure • Efficiency of the heating system • Heating fuel type • Location of the dwelling • Orientation of the space available for solar thermal or PV devices • Hot water demand • Existing lighting fixture wattages • Existing operating schedules for heat and electricity • External temperature • Fuel prices and carbon intensities • Feed-in-tariff info • Solar irradiance • Replacement lighting fixture wattages • Installation and capital costs associated with each retrofit measure • Thermal transmittance values of retrofit insulation and windows • SEAI grant information User

12. Data Sources Available • Smart metering trials for both electricity/gas • Data mining /cluster analysis to form representative groups • Archetypal representations of Irish building stock • TABULA • SEAI BER database • Appendix S – DEAP manual • Fuel Costs • SEAI • Supply Companies published tariff details • Half hour resolution weather files MET Eireann • Retrofit measures capital and installation costs • ESB Electric Ireland contractor list • Grants associated - SEAI • Air Source Heat Pump • Manufacturers performance information • Solar Thermal and PV • Peer reviewed models available through Dublin Energy Lab research group • CODEMA • Energy surveys • Heating System Efficiencies • SEAI

13. System Overview / Data Sources MET Eireann Weather BordGais Smart Meter Data SEAI TABULA/ BER Database/ Appendix S Supplier Tariff Details ESB Smart Meter Data Available models € ESB Literature

14. Concept

15. Energy Profile Assignment: Clustered Smart Meter Data Normalised time-of-use profile selection Annualised representative profile What was your annual electricity expenditure last year? Which of the following is your supplier tariff? • On a typical weekday, what times is the house unoccupied? • On a typical weekday what time does the last person go to bed? • On a typical weekday what time does the first person get up?

16. Archetypal Dwelling Assignment • TABULA dwelling categorised by type, age, wall construction • age bands based on building regulations (Pre 1978, 78-82, 83-93, 94-04, 05+) • Types: Detached, semi D etc • Wall construction : stone, hollow, cavity • TABULA supplemented with BER database and DEAP Appendix S for: • Missing values • Typical infiltration rates • Typical areas. • What type of house is it? • During which age band was it built? • What is the external wall construction? • What is the floor area of the dwelling?

17. Buildings Elements Retrofit Cavity wall, internal dry lining, external wall, attic insulation, windows Heat balance approach Internal temperature is only unknown hlc changes to reflect retrofit and Qtotal is re-evaluated

18. Other Retrofits • Boiler Upgrade • Input : New and old efficiencies • Output : Direct heat savings • PV • Input : weather files • Output : annual generation profile • Solar thermal • Input : weather files • Output : reduction in energy required from boiler • ASHP • Input : weather files • Output : Electricity profile • Lighting??

19. Assessment/Optimisation/Ranking • Each before and after scenario has a cost (capital + installation) and a saving • Measures are evaluated on the basis of payback period • Performance shown in: • Annual financial saving • kWh reduction • CO2 reduction • Combinations of measures: • Each measure is given a priority weighting • Priority weightings allow combinations to be assessed in order • Solar thermal before boiler upgrade • Building elements before boiler • Combinations of measures are evaluated on the basis of payback period • Performance shown as above • User presented with output report showing measures and associated savings as per Energy Wizard report pictured

20. Contribution • A new approach to constructing dwelling energy simulation tools • A consumer orientated energy simulation package using real billing details to construct annual profiles from which simulations are performed • Construction of simulation tool that requires no technical knowledge/specialized training and can be used by the ‘average’ consumer • The first time that Irish electricity smart meter data has been used to cluster customers in conjunction with dwelling energy performance models • The first time that Irish gas smart meter data has been used to cluster customers in conjunction with dwelling energy performance models • A dwelling specific financially optimised solution to energy retrofits option combinations performed for a range of retrofit options on a case by case basis. • Combining pricing details from Irish contractors supplying retrofit measures with the retrofit options analysed • Using tariff structures and plans (from Irish energy market) • Stochastic sensitivity analysis of asset rating type building energy simulation input parameters for the Irish housing stock • And presentation of methodology for application to other national housing stock.

21. Thank you for listening Questions???