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An EU Research Strategy for the Mitigation of CO 2 Emissions

An EU Research Strategy for the Mitigation of CO 2 Emissions. Dr Denis O’Brien European Commission DG Research Energy Conversion and Transport Unit. Structure of the Presentation. Introduction A Few Facts Energy Policies Research Policy Non-Nuclear Energy Research CO2 C+S Rationale

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An EU Research Strategy for the Mitigation of CO 2 Emissions

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  1. An EU Research Strategy for the Mitigation of CO2 Emissions Dr Denis O’Brien European Commission DG Research Energy Conversion and Transport Unit

  2. Structure of the Presentation • Introduction • A Few Facts • Energy Policies • Research Policy • Non-Nuclear Energy Research • CO2 C+S • Rationale • Current Activities • Objectives for the Future • Where Do We Stand ? • ERA / MS Co-ordination / International

  3. Introduction 1/2 • Energy fuels the economic development. • Energy intensities (energy usage / GDP) decrease with time. • However, energy consumption increases with time. • Is de-coupling feasible ? • Energy industries are capital-intensive. • Energy investments have long lead-times and lives.

  4. Introduction 2/2 • Energy is required, for us as well as for future generations -- > Energy usage must be sustainable. • The change cannot be immediate --> Energy policies must ensure a smooth transition to sustainability.

  5. Facts 1/2 Current projections indicate that: • World energy consumption up 2% per annum to 2020. • World energy intensity down 1.4% per annum to 2020. • World dependence on fossil fuels still 90% by 2020. • Natural gas expected to grow rapidly in some regions.

  6. Statistics and projections of world primary fuel consumption (quadrillion BTU) Source : Green Paper

  7. Facts 2/2 • EU energy consumption up by 2.5%per annum to 2020. • EU energy intensity down by 1.5%per annum to 2020. • EU dependence on imported fuels up from 50% to over 65% by 2020. • EU coal largest decrease, EU natural gas largest increase.

  8. Energy policies 1/5 Climate change • EU set to decrease its GHG emission by 8% in 2008-2012 compared to 1990 under the Kyoto Protocol. • Burden sharing agreement between Member States. • On track so far, but target likely to be missed (but enlargement...) • European Climate Change Programme to identify most promising and cheapest routes. • Proposal for a Greenhouse Gas Trading Directive

  9. Total equivalent CO2 concentration (all greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere as a function of time – past data and projection according to the IPCC is92a scenario(subject to criticisms in GDP projections).

  10. % Shortfalls (+) or over-compliance (-) of EU countries with regard to Kyoto objectives, with policies currently in place– source : European Environment Agency.

  11. Energy policies 2/5 Security of Supply • Green paper has been issued. • Diversification is the key. • No single option is the solution. • No option should be ruled out.

  12. Energy policies 3/5 Development of RES • Directive to go from 6% to 12% by 2010 (and share in electricity from 14% to 22% by 2010). • Proposed directive to promote biofuels (2% by 2005, 5.75% by 2010).

  13. Energy policies 4/5 Energy Efficiency Aims at de-coupling energy use from economic growth. • One of the elements of security of supply. • Communication calling for a 18% improvement for 1995 to 2010. • Proposal for a directive on CHP.

  14. Energy Policies 5/5 Integration/Opening of Energy Markets • On-going process. • Framework for other policies. • Communication in 2001 on how to complete the process. • Can have some adverse effects on other policies.

  15. Research Policy 1/2 European Research Area • EU research is too fragmented. • 1.9% of GDP versus 2.6 for US and 2.9 for Japan • EU exploitation of R&D results is sometimes inadequate.

  16. Research Policy 2/2 ERA and FP6 • New support instruments: • NoEs • IPs • Concentration on selected priority topics: • Including sustainable energy systems, transport and the environment. • Co-ordination of Member States activities: • Art. 169 • Bloc III

  17. Non-nuclear Energy Research 1/2 Short Term • Clean energy, in particular renewable energy sources and their integration in the energy system, including storage, distribution and use. • Energy savings and energy efficiency, including those to be achieved through the use of renewable raw materials. • Alternative motor fuels.

  18. Non-nuclear Energy Research 2/2 Long Term • Fuel cells, including their applications. • New technologies for energy carriers/transport and storage, in particular hydrogen. • New and advanced concepts in renewable energy technologies, in particular biomass and photovoltaics. • Capture and sequestration of CO2 associated with cleaner fossil fuel plants.

  19. Capture and Sequestration of CO2 Associated with Cleaner Fossil Fuel Plants.

  20. Rationale • The EU is committed to decrease its CO2 emissions by 8% in 2008-2012 compared to 1990; • Post-Kyoto objectives may be even more stringent to address the climate change problem; • The EU dependency on fossil fuels is over 60%; • This dependency ratio is set to increase in the next 30 years in all the available scenarios. CO2 capture and sequestration can reconcile fossil fuel use with climate protection

  21. Descriptions of Projects • AZEP • Research on a new chemical process for the capture of CO2 from combustion gases in power plant. A highly innovative proposal aimed at reducing the cost of pre-combustion capture of CO2. It produces an almost pure stream of liquid CO2 for storage. It complements existing and proposed European projects in this area. • Funding 3.4 m€ - Cost 9.3 m€ • Co-ordinator ALSTOM • Started 1 Dec 2001 for 36 months

  22. Descriptions of Projects • GRACE • Research on processes for capture of CO2 from non-power producing plant (refineries, etc.). Aims at producing a step change in the cost of post-combustion capture of CO2. The chemical looping combustion is particularly innovative. The fuel de-carbonization is also innovative when using a membrane. There is also the possibility of generating cheaper Hydrogen. • Funding: 2.1 m€ - Cost 3.2 m€ • Co-ordinator BP • Started 1 Dec 2001 for 24 months

  23. Descriptions of Projects • GESTCO • A study involving most MS’ geological surveys and related organisations to revise an initial JOULE study on sequestration potential in Europe. Initial indications that the potential is even greater than the earlier estimates. • Funding 1.9 m€ - Cost 3.8 m€ • Co-ordinator GEUS Danish Geological Survey • Started 1 March 2000 for 30 months

  24. Descriptions of projects • SACS2 • Support of European teams monitoring the behaviour of CO2 injected in the Sleipner project in the North Sea. This is providing useful data on transport rates, geophysical properties and potential leakage and/or natural sealing mechanisms. • Funding 1.2 m€ - Cost 2.1 m€ • Co-ordinator STATOIL • Started 1 April 2000 for 24 months

  25. Sleipner - CO2 injection into the Utsira formation – source : Statoil.

  26. Descriptions of Projects • CO2STORE • Investigates four new potential cases for CO2 reservoirs, mainly on land. It will continue reservoir simulations and study geo-chemical reactions to develop final-fate prediction models. This proposal builds on the SACS2 results by including new seismic observations and introducing gravimetrics as a new method better suited on land. • Funding: € 1.2 m€ - Cost 2.4 m€ • Co-ordinator STATOIL • Started 1 February 2003 for 36 months

  27. Descriptions of Projects • WEYBURN • Support of European teams monitoring the behaviour of CO2 used for enhanced oil recovery in the mature and well-documented Weyburn oil field in Canada. The CO2 is transported through a 320km pipeline from North Dakota, so this project involves US and Canadian partners as well. • Funding €1.2 m€ - Cost 2.2 m€ • Co-ordinator British Geological Survey • Started 1 January 2001 for 42 months

  28. Descriptions of Projects • NASCENT • A study of naturally-occurring CO2 reservoirs to establish the mechanisms that ensure retention of CO2 over geological periods of time. Involves US and IEA GHG partners. The results of this project will have a significant input into the feasibility of and public debate on the sequestration of CO2. • Funding €1.9 m€ - Cost 3.3 m€ • Co-ordinator British Geological Survey • Started 1 January 2001 for 36 months

  29. Descriptions of Projects • RECOPOL • A larger scale demonstration project in a Polish coal field. The results of this project will have a significant input into the possibility of using CO2 storage combined with the production of coal-bed methane and will contribute to the public debate on the sequestration of CO2. • Funding €1.7m€ - Cost 3.4 m€ • Co-ordinator TNO • Started 1 November 2001 for 36 months

  30. Descriptions of Projects • CO2NET • This CO2 Thematic Network will facilitate the development of CO2 capture and storage as a safe, technically feasible, socially acceptable mitigation option. • Funding : € 1.4 m€ - Cost 2.1 m€ • Co-ordinator SME Technology Initiatives • Started 1 November 2002 for 36 months • http://www.co2net.com/

  31. Objectives for the Future 1/4 • A vision of the future • CO2 capture and sequestration applied to large scale power generation can only tackle 25% of the emissions; • Most of the growth in emissions from energy usage comes from transport applications; • Hydrogen could be used in transport and decentralised applications, produced from fossil fuels, with carbon sequestration. • CO2 capture and sequestration can be applied to biomass and result in negative CO2 emissions. 75% of the emissions could be avoided in this scenario.

  32. Objectives for the Future 2/4 • RTD Objectives • Capture • 70-80 % of total cost - therefore primary objective is to decrease the cost of capture (to below 20 €/ton). • ways envisaged: • pre-combustion capture • post-combustion capture • oxyfuels • A lot can be done - the technologies exist for a long time (e.g. amines) and have been developed for other purposes (e.g. membranes).

  33. Objectives for the Future 3/4 • RTD Objectives • Sequestration • ways envisaged: • geological (saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas fields, unminable coal beds, EOR, ECBM); • chemical; • other innovative ways. • Other ways • oceans - environmentally questioned in Europe; • biospheric sinks - doubtful long term value.

  34. Objectives for the Future 4/4 • RTD Objectives • Sequestration • Issues and objectives • to study long term stability; • to study safety aspects; • to build public confidence to ensure acceptability; • to map geological storage potential. • The objective is to move towards a global consideration of capture and sequestration technologies in comprehensive, integrated project(s).

  35. Where Do We Stand ? • The first FP6 call was published on 17 Dec 2002 • deadline 18 March 2003 - budget 198 m€ for energy, maybe 25 m€ for CO2 C+S • suggesting 2 IPs and maybe 1 NoE, plus STREPs, CAs, SSAs. • Evaluation April - May • Negotiations over summer • Contract signatures before end 2003

  36. Towards ERA in this field 1/2 • ERA attempts to address the fragmentation of RTD activities in the EU using three basic principles : • Concentration on a selected priority research areas • Sustainable energy systems are a priority • Mitigation of CO2 emissions associated with cleaner fossil fuel power plants is a ‘sub-priority’. • Stronger links with national, regional and other European initiatives; • Co-ordination of Members States activities (see later).

  37. Towards ERA in this field 2/2 • ERA dimension envisaged under FP6: • The new instruments (integrated projects, networks of excellence) will be applied in the field; • A thematic network involving major stakeholders (CO2NET) has this among its objectives; • A technology platform on CO2 capture and sequestration might be launched to better integrate efforts and actions;

  38. EU Technology Platform • Concept: a forum to get the appropriate industrial and political backing at the EU level. • Participants: EC, MS ministries, high level industrialists. • Structure: based on integrated projects and networks of excellence in the field. • Governance: transparent, improving public awareness and involving NGOs and others at an early stage. • Objectives: to bring CO2 capture and sequestration to the market place, with Europe in a competitive position.

  39. Co-ordination of Member States Activities • As part of its ERA strategy, FP6 provides ways to co-ordinate MS activities : • Through Art. 169 • Through “co-ordination actions” aimed at : • The networking of RTD activities conducted at national or regional level (organising workshops, information and personnel exchange, etc, between MS programmes); • Mutual opening of national programmes (going ultimately towards joint programmes, common calls for proposals, etc).

  40. International Activities • The EU is active in the International Energy Agency of the OECD • In the CERT and the WPFF • In the IEA Greenhouse Gas implementing agreement • In the IEA Clean Coal Centre implementing agreement

  41. Sources • Energy Outlook to 2020 – EC DG TREN • COM (2001) 125 Final “Completing the internal energy market” • Promotion of green electricity – Presentation of the new Directive – Commission • COM (2000) 769 Final - Green Paper “Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply” • COM (2000) 247 Final “Action plan to improve energy efficiency in the European Community” • COM (2001) 547 Final “Communication on alternative fuels for road transportation and on a set of measures to promote the use of biofuels” and COM (2001) 265 (COD) “Proposal for a directive on the promotion of biofuels for transport”. • ECCP Report, June 2001, EC DG Environment. • COM (2000) 6 - Towards a European Research Area. • Decision no 1513/2002/CE of the European parliament and of the Council concerning the sixth framework programme of the European community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, contributing to the creation of the European research area and to innovation (2002-2006). • Decision no 2002/834/EC - FP6 – Proposal for the specific programmes.

  42. Contact Dr Denis O’Brien European Commission Directorate General for Research Energy Conversion and Transport Rue de la Loi 200 - Mo75 4/26 B - 1049 - Brussels - Belgium phone : 32-2-29-62235 / 91668 fax : 32-2-29-64288 email : denis.o’brien@cec.eu.int

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