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The Cold War: 1947-1991

The Cold War: 1947-1991. Time period about ideological differences Btwn USSR and the US played out through arms races, space races, and spheres of influences People lived in fear of nuclear war especially during the 50s and early 60s. The Cold War. The Ideological Struggle.

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The Cold War: 1947-1991

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  1. The Cold War:1947-1991

  2. Time period about ideological differences Btwn USSR and the US played out through arms races, space races, and spheres of influences People lived in fear of nuclear war especially during the 50s and early 60s The Cold War

  3. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. Communism vs. Command Economy vs. Democracy Capitalism

  4. How the Cold War was fought:

  5. Cold War is broken into 4 (really 3) phases- many events happen in each one… Division (1945-1948)- events that LED to the Cold War.. Containment (1948-1970) Détente (1970-1980) “Thawing” or the end (1981-1991) Phases

  6. So WWII ends, then there’s phase 1- Division of countries…

  7. Phase 1- Division • Yalta Conference (1945) a. Postwar plan b. SU & US disagreed on goals… c. Divides Germany into Allied occupied zones d. Germany has to $$$ compensate for the losses it caused (MUCH MORE than after WWI)

  8. Post-War Germany

  9. Phase 1- Division 2. Creation of United Nations (UN) (1945) a. 48 countries formed an international organization that intended to protect its’ members agnst agression. b. Est. a General Assembly where each country could vote on issues c. Security Council- investigate & settle disputes d. Permanent: GB, China, France, US, SU

  10. Phase 1- Division 3. Iron Curtain (1946) a. Europe’s division into mostly Democratic W. Europe vs. Communist E. Europe b. Germany split in 2:  US- W Germany  SU- E Germany

  11. The “Iron Curtain”

  12. Phase 1- Division 4. The Truman Doctrine (1947) a. President Truman’s declared support for countries that rejected Communism b. Led to great controversy in US 1. US shouldn’t interfere w. other nations 2. US can’t afford global crusade agnst. Communism c. US gave $400mill to Turkey/Greece

  13. 5. Marshall Plan [1948] • US Secretary of State, George Marshall • $$$ assistance program where US gave aid to needy European nations • C. Provided food, machinery, & other materials to rebuild W Europe after WWII. • D. Pushed countries away from SU, towards US

  14. So the beginning of the Cold War has begun… Now we go to Phase 2:Containment(1948-1968)

  15. Phase II: Containment • Truman’s US Foreign policy directed at blocking Soviet influence & stopping the expansion of Communism. • Formed alliances • Helped weaker countries resist

  16. Both fought for other countries to join them, not the other guy: • This created 3 worlds: • Industrialized Capitalist nations (US) • Communist nations (SU) • Third World (developing, nonaligned nations)

  17. This created competition b.n US & SU over all the Third World • = Nonaligned Nations • Independent countries that struggled to stay uninvolved & neutral • India, Indonesia

  18. 1. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  19. 2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • A defensive military alliance made up of US, Canada, & 10 other countries meant to defend & protect agnst. Communism • An attack on any NATO member would be met with armed force by all member nations • SU saw this as a threat & created Warsaw Pact

  20. 3. Warsaw Pact (1955) • A Communist alliance that was created in response to the Western NATO • USSR, E Germany, other communist countries • This led to the Berlin Wall officially dividing the world into 2 rival camps: Communism vs. Democracy

  21. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

  22. 4. Mao’s Revolution: 1949 A 2nd}Power!

  23. Mao Zedong • Chinese Communist leader • Kicked Japan & Chinese Nationalists out of China to form Communist China • Now China was a Communist nation, another superpower to join USSR in the Communist East

  24. He is known for 2 imp things: • 1. The Great Leap Forward • A plan (by Mao) that called for large collective farms- “Communes”- owned by the gov’t (aka Communism) • Strictly controlled peasants’ lives- worked, ate, slept together • Owned nothing

  25. 2. Cultural Revolution (1966-1968) • A major uprising led by the Red Guard; the goal was to establish a society where peasants & workers were all equal. • Intellectual & artistic activity = dangerous • Shut down colleges & schools • Caused havoc- farms & factories= closed down! = the end of the C.R.!

  26. While China was busy becoming super Communist, other things were going on as well as part of “Containment”… • Such as “Proxy wars” (one of the strategies.. • There’s 2 proxy wars that are part of Containment.. One was…

  27. 5. The Korean War (1950-1953) Communist S.U. & China 38th Parallel “DMZ” Demilitarized Zone Democratic U.S.

  28. 38th parallel • The line that divides North & South Korea • The North- Communist industrial gov’t set up by SU • The South- non-communist gov’t supported by US

  29. 6. The Arms Race:A Race to have the best weapon • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

  30. 7. The Space Race: • US & SU started to compete in skies also- • Each wanted to control space as well.. So missions began to beat the other at going into Space… • SU was 1st… • (pg. 971)

  31. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

  32. For 20 years they 2 raced each other until finally they joined together in 1975 (still during Cold War!) • The big imp guy to the US during the Space Race was…

  33. John F. Kennedy • US President • Led the US during Containment (Cold War) facing many conflicts: Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Space Race • 1917-1963 • US • Encouraged Space Race, avoided nuclear confrontation w. SU, was assassinated (hmm.. Wonder y..)

  34. 8. Issues w. Cuba

  35. A. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

  36. B. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • SU secretly built 42 missile sites in Cuba • JFK (US) demanded their removal b.c they were too close to US & put a blockade of Cuba • People fearful of nuclear war • US promised not to invade Cuba & SU removed missiles • Cuba= completely dependent on SU, supported Communism, alienated US

  37. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

  38. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  39. 9. Proxy war #2…

  40. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

  41. North Vietnam • Communists, Vietnamese Nationalists (Ho Chi Minh) • Wanted independence from France South Vietnam • French, US • Wanted to contain Communism

  42. 1950s part of conflict… • The Northern Communists won & defeated France • France lost the Northern part of it’s colony • Vietnam divided @ 17parallel • North- Ho Chi Minh & Communists • South- French anti-commie gov’t, Ngo Dinh Diem

  43. 1960/70s part of the conflict • Vietcong (Southern Communist Guerillas) • Overthrew & killed Diem • US entered the war (1964) • VERY unpopular war- protested • Nixon withdrew • N Vietnam took back S Vietnam- millions fled the country • Still Communist today • 1.5 mill Vietnamese, 58,000 US died

  44. Lyndon B. Johnson • US president • Assumed presidency when JFK was shot, committed to containment • 1963-1969 • USA • Due to his commitment to Containment = escalated US involvement in Vietnam = US protested & lost

  45. So that was Containment.. • Now began phase 3: • Détente (1970-1980) • A time of lessened Cold War tensions where they backed away from direct confrontation • While Containment still cont’d, they both agreed to reduce tensions • Détente improved relations w. China & SU

  46. Richard M Nixon • US President • Had a new policy in Cold War- deal w. other nations practically & flexibly= Détente • 1970-1974 • USA • He took US out of Vietnam war, lessened Cold War tensions, improved foreign relations= visited communist nations

  47. 1. SALT (1972) • Nixon (US), Brezhnev (SU) • Strategic Arms Limitation Talks • 5 year agreement that limited the number of intercontinental ballistic & submarine-launched missiles each country could have

  48. 2. Helsinki Accords (1975) • US + SU + 33 other nations joined • A signed commitment to Détente & cooperation

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