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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. The History of the Periodic Table Periodic Properties Electron Configuration Periodic Trends Variation in Chemical Properties ] Periodic Properties Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Periodic Properties > The History of the Periodic Table The History of the Periodic Table • Development of the Periodic Table • Periods 1 through 3 • Transition Metals • The Bottom of the Periodic Table • Periodic Table Position and Electron Configuration • Electron Configuration of Cations and Anions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/periodic-properties-8/the-history-of-the-periodic-table-67/

  6. Periodic Properties > Electron Configuration Electron Configuration • General Rules for Assigning Electrons to Atomic Orbitals • The Building-Up (Aufbau) Principle • Hund's Rule • The Shielding Effect and Effective Nuclear Charge • Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/periodic-properties-8/electron-configuration-68/

  7. Periodic Properties > Periodic Trends Periodic Trends • Variation of Physical Properties Across a Period • Variation of Physical Properties Within a Group • Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions • Atomic Radius • Ionic Radius • Ionization Energy • Electron Affinity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/periodic-properties-8/periodic-trends-69/

  8. Periodic Properties > Variation in Chemical Properties Variation in Chemical Properties • General Trends in Chemical Properties • The Halogens (Group 17) • The Noble Gases (Group 18) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/periodic-properties-8/variation-in-chemical-properties-70/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Periodic Properties Key terms • acidAn electron pair acceptor; generally capable of donating hydrogen ions. • actinideAny of the 14 radioactive elements of the periodic table that are positioned under the lanthanides, with which they share similar chemistry. • alchemyThe ancient search for a universal panacea and for the philosopher's stone. The process eventually developed into chemistry. • anionA negatively charged ion, as opposed to a cation. • anionA negatively charged ion, as opposed to a cation. • anionA negatively charged ion, as opposed to a cation • atomThe smallest possible amount of matter that still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. • boiling pointThe temperature at which a liquid boils, with the vapor pressure equal to the given external pressure. • cationA positively charged ion, as opposed to an anion. • cationA positively charged ion, as opposed to an anion. • cationA positively charged ion, as opposed to an anion. • core electronsThose that are not part of the valence shell and as such, are not involved in bonding. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Periodic Properties • diamagneticMaterials that create an induced magnetic field in a direction opposite to an externally applied magnetic field and are therefore repelled by the applied magnetic field. • diamagneticExhibiting diamagnetism; repelled by a magnet. • diatomicConsisting of two atoms. • ductileCapable of being pulled or stretched into thin wire by mechanical force without breaking. • effective nuclear chargeThat experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom, typically less for electrons that are shielded by core electrons. • electronThe subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity. • electron affinityThe electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule to form a negative ion. • electron configurationThe arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure, such as a crystal. • electron shellThe collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). • electron shellThe collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). • electron shellThe collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). • electronegativityThe tendency of an atom or molecule to attract electrons and thus form bonds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Periodic Properties • electronegativityThe tendency of an atom or molecule to attract electrons to itself. • elementAny one of the simplest chemical substances that cannot be decomposed in a chemical reaction or by any chemical means, made up of atoms all having the same number of protons. • frequencyThe number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. • hund's ruleA rule which states that a greater total spin state usually makes the resulting atom more stable. • inertA substance that does not react chemically. • ionAn atom or group of atoms bearing an electrical charge, such as the sodium and chlorine atoms in a salt solution. • ionizationAny process that leads to the dissociation of a neutral atom or molecule into charged particles (ions). • ionization energyThe energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or molecule to infinity. • lanthanideAny of the 14 rare earth elements from cerium (or from lanthanum) to lutetium in the periodic table. Because their outermost orbitals are empty, they have very similar chemistry. Below them are the actinides. • lanthanideAny of the 14 rare earth elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table. Because their outermost orbitals are empty, they have very similar chemistry. Below them are the actinides. • malleableAble to be hammered into thin sheets; capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer or by the pressure of rollers. • melting pointThe temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium; it is relatively insensitive to changes in pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Periodic Properties • monatomicOf an element, consisting of a single atom in the molecule; for example: the noble gases. Note: strictly speaking, a molecule has at least two atoms. • MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging, a medical imaging technique used in radiology to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body in both health and disease. • noble gasAny of the elements of Group 18 of the periodic table, being monatomic and (with very limited exceptions) inert. • nucleusThe positively charged central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. • orbitalA specification of the energy and probability density of an electron at any point in an atom or molecule. • Oxidation StateThe state of an atom having a particular oxidation number. • paramagneticMaterials that are attracted by an externally applied magnetic field and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field. • paramagneticExhibiting paramagnetism; the tendency of magnetic dipoles to align with an external magnetic field. • Pauli Exclusion PrincipleThe quantum mechanical principle that no two identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. • physical propertyAny property that is measurable whose value describes a physical system's state. • protonA positively charged subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom and determining the atomic number of an element; the nucleus of the most common isotope of hydrogen, composed of two up quarks and a down quark. • quantizationThe process of approximating a continuous signal by a set of discrete symbols or integer values. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Periodic Properties • quantum numberOne of certain integers or half-integers that specify the state of a quantum mechanical system (such as an electron in an atom). • quantum numberOne of certain integers or half-integers that specify the state of a quantum mechanical system (such as an electron in an atom). • quantum theoryA theory developed in early 20th century, according to which nuclear and radiation phenomena can be explained by assuming that energy only occurs in discrete amounts called quanta. • quantum-mechanical calculationBranch of physics which studies matter and energy at the level of atoms and other elementary particles, and substitutes probabilistic mechanisms for classical Newtonian ones. • reactivityRelative susceptibility to chemical reaction. • repulsionA force that moves two bodies away from each other. • toxicHaving a chemical nature that is harmful to health or lethal if consumed or otherwise entering into the body in sufficient quantities. • transuraniumTransuranic. A transuranium element is any synthetic element having an atomic number greater than that of uranium (92). • valenceThe combining capacity of an atom, radical or functional group determined by the number of electrons that it will lose, gain, or share when it combines with other atoms, etc. • valence electronsThe outermost electrons of an atom and the only electrons that participate in chemical bonding. Atoms with full valence electron shells are stable. • valence shellThe outermost shell of electrons in an atom; these electrons take part in bonding with other atoms. • valence shell electron pair repulsion theoryA set of rules used to predict the shape of individual molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Periodic Properties Sizes of atoms and their ions Relative sizes of atoms and ions. The neutral atoms are colored gray, cations red, and anions blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Ionic Radius."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_radiusView on Boundless.com

  16. Periodic Properties Physical properties of the noble gases The physical properties of the noble gases are tightly grouped. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Noble gas."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gasView on Boundless.com

  17. Periodic Properties The periodic table This is a standard representation of the elements in the table, with relative positions that are familiar to chemists and physicists. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Periodic table (polyatomic)."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_table_(polyatomic).svgView on Boundless.com

  18. Periodic Properties A simplified depiction of atomic structure With the nucleus at the center with a positive charge, the electrons are "organized" in energy levels, or shells, at increasing distances from the nucleus. The distance between the n = 2 and n = 3 shells in this illustration is the difference in energy between them. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bohr-atom-PAR."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bohr-atom-PAR.svgView on Boundless.com

  19. Periodic Properties The filled orbitals of the neon atom A depiction of the orbitals and their symmetries for the neon atom (Ne). The levels 1s and 2s are shown as spheroids, while the three 2p orbitals are shown as split spheroids. Each full orbital has 2 electrons, yielding 10 total for this element. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."S%20orbital."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_orbitalView on Boundless.com

  20. Periodic Properties The extended periodic table with predicted Periods 8 and 9 The periodic table with all groups and periods in place. The placement of the undiscovered g-block is speculative. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Period 9 element."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_9_elementView on Boundless.com

  21. Periodic Properties The Aufbau principle The Aufbau principle describes the incremental filling of orbitals and building atoms with known electronic configurations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Aufbau%20principle."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principleView on Boundless.com

  22. Periodic Properties The extended periodic table The lanthanides and actinides are added as separate but connected rows, building what is called the f-block. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Period 9 element."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_9_elementView on Boundless.com

  23. Periodic Properties Effective nuclear charge diagram Diagram of the concept of effective nuclear charge based on electron shielding. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Effective nuclear charge diagram."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Effective_nuclear_charge_diagram.svgView on Boundless.com

  24. Periodic Properties The periodic table of the elements A modern representation of the periodic table showing organization by atomic number and valence. Note the atomic masses are not included in this particular periodic table, however they are typically included below the element symbol. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Periodic%20table."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_table.svgView on Boundless.com

  25. Periodic Properties The d-block of the periodic table The d-block is composed of groups 3 - 12 and periods 4 - 7. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."D-block."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-blockView on Boundless.com

  26. Periodic Properties Diamagnetic levitation A small (~6mm) piece of pyrolytic graphite (a material similar to graphite) levitating over a permanent gold magnet array (5mm cubes on a piece of steel). Note that the poles of the magnets are aligned vertically and alternate (two with north facing up, and two with south facing up, diagonally). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Diamagnetic graphite levitation."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diamagnetic_graphite_levitation.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Periodic Properties The Aufbau principle This illustrates the order in which most atoms populate their electron shells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Aufbau%20principle."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principleView on Boundless.com

  28. Periodic Properties The halogens The halogens are highly reactive, diatomic molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Halogens."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HalogensView on Boundless.com

  29. Periodic Properties Aufbau diagram for lithium The electron configuration of lithium, shown on an Aufbau diagram Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Free High School Science Texts Project, The Atom: Energy Quantisation and Electron Configuration. October 16, 2012."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m39967/latest/View on Boundless.com

  30. Periodic Properties Atomic orbitals ordered by increasing energy Order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule. Each diagonal red arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Klechkovski%20rule.svg%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Klechkovski_rule.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  31. Periodic Properties Hierarchy for various types of magnetism There are various types of magnetism identified to date that can be organized in a hierarchy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Magnetism."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetism.svgView on Boundless.com

  32. Periodic Properties A Brief History of the Periodic Table - YouTube From ancient Greek philosophers to Dmitri Mendeleev, Professor Davis describes how humanity's understanding of elements and how to catalog them has changed through the ages. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  33. Periodic Properties Periodic Properties: Part 4, Ionic Charges, Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity - YouTube We conclude our discussion of periodic properties by wrapping up the prediction of ionic charges of the transition metals, ionization energies, and electron affinity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  34. Periodic Properties The periodic table Elements are arranged according to electron configuration, with periodicities in valence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Periodic%20table."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_table.svgView on Boundless.com

  35. Periodic Properties Sizes of atoms and their ions in picometers (pm) Red numbers are ionic radii of cations, black numbers are for neutral species, and blue numbers are for anions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia.CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Atomic_&_ionic_radii.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  36. Periodic Properties Periodic trends A graphic showing overall periodic trends in the periodic table. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Periodic trends.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Periodic_trends.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  37. Periodic Properties Atomic number to radius graph A chart showing the atomic radius relative to the atomic number of the elements. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Atomic number to radius graph."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_number_to_radius_graph.pngView on Boundless.com

  38. Periodic Properties Melting and boiling points of various halides The melting points of a series of chloride compounds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."John Hutchinson, Concept Development Studies in Chemistry. October 8, 2012."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m12595/latest/?collection=col10264/latestView on Boundless.com

  39. Periodic Properties Ionization energy This graph shows the first ionization energy of the elements in electron volts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."IonizationEnergyAtomicWeight."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IonizationEnergyAtomicWeight.PNGView on Boundless.com

  40. Periodic Properties Properties of the halogen group Typical properties of the halogens. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Halogens."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HalogensView on Boundless.com

  41. Periodic Properties Electron affinities in the periodic table This table shows the electron affinities in kJ/mol for the elements in the periodic table. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Electron affinities."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinitiesView on Boundless.com

  42. Periodic Properties A metal and a non-Metal On the left is sodium, a very metallic element (ductile, malleable, conducts electricity). On the right is sulfur, a very non-metallic element. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."General Chemistry/Periodicity and Electron Configurations."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Periodicity_and_Electron_ConfigurationsView on Boundless.com

  43. Periodic Properties Electron configuration of neon The electron configuration of Neon (Ne), with two complete energy levels, 1s2 and 2s2 2p6. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Noble gas."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gasView on Boundless.com

  44. Periodic Properties A very common use of the noble gases Under the correct conditions, brightly lit and colorful signs can be made using noble gases. "Neon Lights" is the common term, but any of the noble gases can be used. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Noble gas."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gasView on Boundless.com

  45. Periodic Properties Notation in the periodic table The notation in the periodic table includes references to atomic mass and atomic number. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Atomic%20number%20depiction."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_number_depiction.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Periodic Properties The Madelung energy ordering rule Order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung Rule. Each diagonal read arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com WIkipedia."Klechkovski rule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle%23mediaviewer/File:Klechkovski_rule.svgView on Boundless.com

  47. Periodic Properties Periodic table of the elements This image is color-coded to show the s, p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Subshells%20of%20Orbitals."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Subshells_of_Orbitals.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Periodic Properties Orbital diagram The positions of the first ten orbits of an atom on an energy diagram. Note that each block is able to hold two electrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Free High School Science Texts Project, The Atom: Energy Quantisation and Electron Configuration. October 15, 2012."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m39967/latest/View on Boundless.com

  49. Periodic Properties Application of Hund's rule Orbital diagram for oxygen, which has four 2p electrons, showing the correct application of Hund's Rule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks.CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orbital_diagram_four_2p_-_Hund's_Rule.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  50. Periodic Properties Blocking in the periodic table The periodic table can be broken into blocks, corresponding to the highest energy electrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Periodic table."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tableView on Boundless.com

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