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On the Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Sensor Networks

On the Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Sensor Networks. Tariq M. Jadoon, PhD Department of Computer Science Lahore University of Management Sciences. Agenda . Overview MAC and Network Layer Simulation Model Results Conclusions & Future Work. Overview. What are WSNs?

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On the Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Sensor Networks

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  1. On the Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Sensor Networks Tariq M. Jadoon, PhD Department of Computer Science Lahore University of Management Sciences

  2. Agenda • Overview • MAC and Network Layer • Simulation Model • Results • Conclusions & Future Work

  3. Overview • What are WSNs? • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): • Small sensor nodes (or motes) • Monitoring the environment and processing and communicating the gathered information. • Base stations (also called sinks) • centralize the data gathered by sensor nodes. • Sensor nodes consist of: • Sensors • Embedded processor • Radio transceiver • Battery http://www.evaluationengineering.com/archive/articles/0704/Images/dataFIG1-copy.jpg

  4. Sensor Vs. Adhoc Networks • Energy Conservation • Low Traffic Rate / Predefined traffic patterns • Low Mobility

  5. Main Issues in the Design of WSNs • Energy Conservation • Low-cost • Optimal placement of the sensor nodes • Energy efficient design across all layers • Radio communication is a major source of power consumption • MAC layer design => rules of transmitting and receiving over the wireless medium using the radio. • What is the effect of changing the MAC layer protocol on the average energy consumed for a given network layer protocol? • Is it possible to tune the MAC/ Network layer for optimal energy consumption?

  6. Energy Consumption Transmission Reception Overhead Collision Idle Listening Overhearing Control Packets MAC Layer (who transmits when) • Advantages: • Collision Avoidance, • Idle Listening • Overhearing Avoidance • Disadvantages: • Frequent Synchronization • Scalability MAC Protocols • Advantages: • No Synchronization • Scalable • Disadvantages: • Collision • Idle Listening, etc. Scheduled(TDMA Based) Random Access(Contention-Based)

  7. Random Access MAC Protocol Power Cycle Time • S-MAC • Periodic Listen and Sleep • Collision Avoidance • Overhearing Avoidance • Implementation Details • Perfect Synchronization • Message Passing • Overhearing Avoidance • Cycle Length – 1 sec • 3%, 5% S-MAC • Frame Sizes • RTS: 20 Bytes • CTS/ACK: 14 Bytes • Data Frame: 34 Bytes + Network Layer Packet Size Sleep Time Wakeup Time Time Duty Cycle = (Wakeup Time) / (Cycle Time) Data Data ACK CTS RTS RTS A B C Sleep Mode Listen Mode

  8. Node 1 S1 S2 W1 W2 S1 S2 W1 W2 Node 2 S1 S2 W1 W2 S1 S2 W1 W2 Sleep State Wakeup Frame Wakeup State Data Frame Scheduled MAC Protocol • TDMA-Wakeup (TDMA-W) • S-Slot • W-Slot • Channel Access Protocol • Incoming Counter • Outgoing Counter • Implementation Details • No use of Self Organization • Perfect Synchronization • Cycle Length – 1 sec • Slot Time – 13.6 msec • 72 Slots per TDMA Cycle • Counter – 2, 4, 6 • Frame Sizes: • Wakeup Frame: 20 Bytes • Data Frame: 34 Bytes + Network Layer Packet Size Outgoing Counter[2] = n Incoming Counter[1] = n

  9. Source Destination Network Layer – Energy Aware Routing Protocol • Destination-initiated Reactive Protocol • Multiple Paths between Source and Destination • Path Probabilistically chosen at each hop • Probability function of Cost Metric • Cost Metric function of Residual and Transmission Energy Cij = eijα Ri-β • Setup Phase • Data Communication Phase • Route Maintenance Phase • Implementation Details • α = 0; β = 1, 10, 100 • Packet Sizes • Route Request: 32 Bytes • Data: 32 Bytes + Application Layer Message Size B C A D E

  10. 20 m 120m Source Node Destination Node 120 m Simulation Model

  11. Extended LSU SensorSimulator3.1in OMNeT++ • Basic Structure • Simple Modules – Protocol Layers – Hardware Components • Compound Modules – Sensor Nodes • System Module – Network • Simulation Design • Coordinator Module • Protocol Stack – Application, Network, MAC and Physical Layer • Hardware Components – Battery, Radio and CPU • Wireless Channel Module

  12. Sensor Node • Hardware Components • Protocol Stack • Application Layer – Light Sensor sending after fixed interval • Network Layer – Energy Aware Routing β = 1, 10, 100 • MAC Layer – S-MAC TDMA-W 3%, 5% Counter = 2, 4, 6 • Physical Layer – No attenuation

  13. Experiments and Results

  14. Experiments and Results

  15. Conclusions

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