PowerPoints for Writers Research and Documentation

1. PowerPoints for WritersResearch and Documentation

2. Primary sources Reports of experiments Speeches and letters Historical documents Eyewitness accounts, autobiographies Works of art Presentations of data Secondary sources Biographies Analyses of artistic works Historical analyses and interpretations Literature, film, and theater reviews Discussions of findings Primary and Secondary Sources

3. Doing a Keyword Search (Database or Search Engine) • Know the system used. • Use Advanced Search features. • Use a wildcard character to expand a search. • Group words into phrases to narrow a search. • Use Boolean terms to narrow or expand a search. • Require or prohibit a term to narrow a search. • Use the proximity feature to find terms close to each other. • Be flexible.

4. Reading Sources Critically • Ask questions about the author's credentials and reputation and the place of publication. • Ask questions about the ideas you read. • Be on the lookout for faulty assumptions. • Make sure the writer's evidence is adequate and accurate. • Note how the writer uses language. • Be alert for sweeping generalizations, bias, and prejudice.

5. Recognizing a Scholarly Article A scholarly article • Refers to the work of other scholars • Names the author and describes the author's credentials • Includes, notes, references, bibliography, sometimes an abstract • Deals with a serious issue in depth • Appears in journals without colorful ads or eye-catching pictures

6. Evaluating a Print Source • What does the work cover? • How objective is the information? • How current are the views? • How reputable are the publisher and author?

7. Evaluating Web Sources: Developing Junk Antennae • Scrutinize the domain name of the URL. • Assess the originator of an .edu source. • Check the home page. • Find out what you can about the author. • Investigate the purposes of the sponsor. • Evaluate the quality of the writing. • Follow the links. • Check for dates, updates, ways to respond. • Corroborate information.

8. What Is Plagiarism? Using someone else's words or ideas without acknowledging them. 1. Presenting as your own an essay that was bought, borrowed, or copied. 2. Inserting copied passages without attribution. 3. Using unattributed material with a few word changes. 4. Using others' ideas without citing the source. 5. Citing the source but not using quotation marks. 6. Failing to indicate where the source's ideas end and yours begin.

9. What to Cite • Facts and statistics that are not common knowledge and are not accessible in many sources • Quotations (exact words from your source) • Somebody else’s ideas and opinions, even if you restate or paraphrase them • Each sentence in a long paraphrase, if it is not clear that all the sentences paraphrase the same source

10. Print Book: Library call number Page numbers Author or editor Title and subtitle Place, publisher, year Volume and edition Online Source: Author or editor Title and subtitle Print information, if any Name of site Database or journal Sponsor Update and access dates Keeping a Research Record

11. Using Quotations: Checklist • What point does it support? • Would a paraphrase be better? • Does it exactly match original? • Have you given author name and page number? • Have you integrated it into your passage? • What verb have you introduced it with? • Are there any sections with too many quotations? • Have you indented long quotations? • Have you used long quotations sparingly?

12. Two Basic Features of MLA Style • In the text of your paper, for each source: • The last name(s) of the author(s) • The page number • At the end of your paper, a list of all the sources (“Works Cited”). • Begins on a new numbered page • Alphabetized by author’s last name. Use full first name.

13. Two Basic Features of APA Style • In the text of your paper, for each source: • The last name(s) of the author(s) • The year of publication 2. At the end of your paper, a list of all the sources (“References”) • Begins on a new numbered page • Alphabetized by author’s last name. Use initials for first names.

14. Two Basic Features of CSE Style 1. In the text of your paper, number each reference with a small superscript or a number on the line within parentheses. Numbers run sequentially through your paper. 2. At the end of your paper, list references by number, in the order in which you cite them. Do not alphabetize entries. Begin the list on a new page, and title it “References.”

15. Two Basic Features of Chicago Endnotes/Footnotes • Place a superscript numeral at end of quotation or sentence, after all punctuation except a dash. • List endnotes on separate numbered page. Number sequentially. Single-space. Double space between.

16. Guidelines for Chicago Endnotes/Footnotes: Part 1 • Use superscripts for footnotes, but not for endnotes. • Indent the first line of each entry 3 or 5 spaces. Single-space notes but double-space between. • Use authors’ full names, not inverted, followed by a comma and the title of the work. • Italicize book titles; use quotation marks around article titles. • Capitalize all words in titles except a, an, the and some other exceptions.

17. Guidelines for Chicago Endnotes/Footnotes: Part 2 • Follow book titles with publishing information in parentheses (city: publisher, year) followed by comma and page number(s). • Follow article titles with name of periodical and publication information (volume and issue numbers, date, page numbers). • Separate major parts of the note with commas, not periods. • For online sources, provide the URL and the date you last accessed the source.