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Centralizing Power

This overview explores the centralization of power in medieval England and France from William the Conqueror to Philip IV. William, an illegitimate son of the Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne in 1066, paving the way for dynastic changes. His descendants, including Henry I and John, faced civil unrest and conflicts. Meanwhile, the Capetian kings, particularly Philip II and Philip IV, expanded their influence and engaged in struggles both against barons and for control over the church. This period marked significant political transformation shaped by war, treaties, and struggles for legitimacy.

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Centralizing Power

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  1. Centralizing Power Medieval England and France

  2. William the Conqueror 1066-1087) • Illegitimate son of Robert Duke of Normandy • Married Mathilda, daughter of Count Baldwin of Flanders • Brought archers and cavalry to claim English throne; Harold’s infantry had neither • Crowned king Christmas Day 1066 • Half brother Odo, bishop of Bayeux serves as regent when William absent

  3. Henry I (1100-1135) • Younger brother of William Rufus (II) • Crowned three days after brother’s death in a hunting accident • Nickname “Beauclerc” indicates he had received some learning possibly in preparation for career in the church • Legitimate sons drowned; succeeded by nephew Stephen since barons opposed to female ruler (daughter Matilda)

  4. Henry II (1154-1189) • Spent only 13 years in France; 21 on the continent • Ruled an empire from Scotland to the Pyrenees • Died in France fighting his son Richard who had joined forces with the French King

  5. Richard the Lionheart (1189-1199) • Went on crusade 1190 • Captured by the Holy Roman Emperor and held for ransom • 150,000 silver marks • John’s efforts to seize the crown blocked by Eleanor of Aquitaine

  6. John (1199-1216) • Nicknamed Lackland and Soft sword • Excommunicated in 1209 • Forced to sign Magna Carta as peace treaty ending rebellion of barons • England is in Civil War when John dies; barons have asked French king to rule

  7. British Hat Rack

  8. Hugh Capet (987-996) • Chosen instead of the last Carolingian • Spent much of is reign fighting • Ruled with son Robert • Gave away his lands to secure the dynasty

  9. Philip II (Augustus) 1165-1223 • More than doubled domains of French king • Fought major barons and won before taking on John • Began the building of Notre Dame • Walled the city of Paris

  10. Louis IX (the Pious) (1226-1270) • Curbed private feudal warfare • Encouraged use of Roman law • Went on 7th Crusade 1248; stayed in the Holy Land until 1254 • Helped to fortify cities • Died on 8th crusade

  11. Philip IV (The Fair) 1285-1314 • Arrested Jews and seized their assets • Levied a 50% tax on clergy’s income • Arrested Knights Templar and may have seized their significant treasury • Trying to pay for the costly crusades of his predecessors in part and for the increased cost of war • Expands bureaucratic model

  12. French Hat Rack

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