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Overview of the Skeletal System: Structure, Functions, and Bone Types

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This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the skeletal system, detailing the structure and functions of bones, joints, and connective tissues. It outlines the two major skeletal subdivisions—axial and appendicular—and highlights the various types of bones classified by shape and composition. Key concepts of bone growth, remodeling, and repair mechanisms in response to injuries are discussed, emphasizing the importance of the skeleton in protection, support, movement, and blood cell formation.

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Overview of the Skeletal System: Structure, Functions, and Bone Types

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  1. A&P Chapter 5 Notes The skeletal system

  2. SECTION 1 Bones: an overview

  3. SKELETON • GREEK – “DRIED UP BODY” • STRONG & LIGHT • ADAPTED FOR FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTION & MOTION • ABLE TO STAND UPRIGHT W/ BALANCE • SYSTEM INCLUDES: • JOINTS, CARTILAGES, LIGAMENTS

  4. 2 SKELETAL SUBDIVISIONS • AXIAL • FORM THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS • SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN • BONY THORAX

  5. SKELETAL SUBDIVISIONS • APPENDICULAR • BONES OF THE LIMBS & GIRDLES • 126 BONES OF THE LIMBS • PECTORAL GIRDLE FOR • PELVIC GIRDLE ATTACHMENT

  6. FUNCTIONS OF BONES SUPPORT PROTECTION MOVEMENT STORAGE (fat, Ca, P…) BLOOD CELL FORMATION

  7. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES • 206 BONES (in adult) • 2 TYPES • COMPACT-dense, looks smooth • SPONGY-small pieces, open space

  8. SHAPES & SIZES OF BONE • LONG BONES • MORE LONG THAN WIDE; LIMBS • SHORT BONES • MOSTLY SPONGY BONE; WRIST/ANKLE • FLAT BONES • SKULL, RIBS, STERNUM • IRREGULAR BONES • VERTEBRAE, HIPS

  9. SHAPES & SIZES OF BONE

  10. LONG BONE STRUCTURE • DIAPHYSIS • SHAFT; COMPACT BONE • PERIOSTEUM • COVERS THE ENDS OF DIAPHYSIS; FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE; SHARPEY’S FIBERS (CT fibers) • EPIPHYSIS • ENDS OF THE LONG BONE

  11. LONG BONE STRUCTURE • ARTICULAR CARTILAGE • HYALINE CARTILAGE; DECREASE FRICTION • EPIPHYSEAL LINE • REMNANT OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE • YELLOW MARROW • CAVITY OF SHAFT; FAT STORAGE

  12. LONG BONE STRUCTURE • RED MARROW • FOUND IN SHAFT IN INFANTS • ADULTS-SPONGY BONE OF FLAT BONES OR EPIPHYSES OF LONG BONES 10. BONE MARKINGS • TABLE 5.1 PG 119 • SITES WHERE ATTACHMENTS TAKE PLACE

  13. BONE MARKINGS • PROJECTIONS/PROCESSES • GROW OUT FROM BONE SURFACE • DEPRESSIONS/CAVITIES • INDENTATIONS IN THE BONE

  14. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY PASSAGEWAY FOR: nutrients & wastes OSTEOCYTES- mature bone cells LACUNAE-matrix which house osteocytes LAMELLAE-concentric circles of lacunae

  15. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY HAVERSIAN CANAL-lamellae arranged around OSTEON-each complex of a central canal & matrix rings (HAVERSIAN SYSTEM) CANALICULI-tiny canals that radiate outward to all lacunae

  16. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY NOURISHMENT-bc of elaborate system of canals, bone cells are well nourished VOLKMANN’S CANAL-communication pathway from outside of bone to inside; at right angles to the shaft

  17. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY • WEIGHT vs. PROTECTION-one of the hardest materials in the body • Light in weight; resists tension; support system w/o giving up mobility • CALCIUM SALTS-in matrix; give bone its hardness • ORGANIC PARTS-collagen fibers; provide bone’s flexibility & strength

  18. BONE FORMATION • SKELETON IS FORMED BY: • CARTILAGE & BONE • 2 OF STRONGEST, MOST SUPPORTIVE TISSUES IN THE BODY • EMBRYONIC: • HYALINE CARTILAGE REPLACED BY BONE • CARTILAGE: • REMAINS IN ISOLATED AREAS (NOSE, RIBS, JOINTS)

  19. OSSIFICATION • 2 MAJOR PHASES: • HYALINE MODEL IS COVERED W/ BONE MATRIX BY BONE FORMING CELLS-OSTEOBLASTS • HYALINE CARTILAGE MODEL IS “DIGESTED” AWAY; MEDULLARY CAVITY OPENS W/IN NEWLY FORMED BONE

  20. CARTILAGE • BY BIRTH MOST HYALINE CARTILAGE HAS BEEN CONVERTED TO BONE EXCEPT: • ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (ENDS OF BONES) • EPIPHYSEAL PLATES (COVER ENDS OF BONES)

  21. BONE GROWTH • BONES MUST WIDEN AS THEY LENGTHEN -> HOW?(pg. 122) • APPOSITIONAL GROWTH • CONTROLLED BY HORMONES

  22. BONE REMODELING • IN RESPONSE TO 2 FACTORS: • CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD • PULL OF GRAVITY & MUSCLES ON THE SKELETON

  23. BONE REMODELING ESSENTIAL IF BONES ARE TO RETAIN NORMAL PROPORTIONS & STRENGTH … …ASSOCIATED WITH Ca LEVELS IN THE BLOOD AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (INCREASE OR DECREASE Ca ions IN THE BLOOD) SEE/READ PG. 122

  24. BONE FRACTURES • BREAKS IN THE BONE RESULTING FROM EXCEPTIONAL TRAUMA THAT TWISTS/SMASHES THE BONES • CLOSED (SIMPLE)-break does not penetrate the skin • OPEN (COMPOUND)-broken bone ends penetrate the skin

  25. BONE FRACTURES • REDUCTION-realignment of the broken bone ends • CLOSED-bone ends are “coaxed” back into position by a Dr. • OPEN-surgery is performed

  26. BONE FRACTURES 4 MAJOR EVENTS TO REPAIR A BONE FRACTURE pg. 124 A HEMATOMA IS FORMED BREAK IS SPLINTED BY A FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS BONY CALLUS IS FORMED PERMANENT “PATCH” AT FRACTURE SITE

  27. SECTION 2 Axial skeleton

  28. AXIAL SKELETON • FORMS LONGITUDINAL AXIS • 3 PARTS: • SKULL • VERTEBRAL COLUMN • BONY THORAX

  29. AXIAL SKELETON SKULL VERTEBRAL COLUMN BONY THORAX

  30. SKULL FORMED BY 2 SETS OF BONES CRANIUM - Protects the brain FACIAL BONES - Hold the eyes in anterior position/allow facial muscles to function SUTURES – interlocking, immovable joints

  31. CRANIUM • COMPOSED OF 8 LARGE, FLAT BONES • ALL SINGLE BONES, EXCEPT FOR 2 (PARIETAL & TEMPORAL ARE PAIRED) • FRONTAL BONE-forms forehead, projection below eyebrow, superior eye orbital • PARIETAL BONE-superior & lateral walls of the cranium

  32. CRANIUM • TEMPORAL BONES – lie inferior to parietal bones; markings: • External auditory meatus • Styloid process pg • Zygomatic process 126 • Mastoid process • Jugular foramen • Carotid canal

  33. CRANIUM • OCCIPITAL BONES-most posterior bone; forms the floor & back wall • FORAMEN MAGNUM-allows spinal cord to connect to the brain

  34. CRANIUM 5. SPHENOID BONE-spans the width of the skull/forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity 6. ETHMOID BONE-forms the roof of the nasal cavity & part of the orbits

  35. FACIAL BONES 14 BONES; 12 PAIRED; MANDIBLE & VOMER ARE SINGLE • MAXILLAE (paired) • PALATINE BONES (paired) • ZYGOMATIC BONES (paired) • LACRIMAL BONES (paired) • NASAL BONES (paired)

  36. FACIAL BONES 6. VOMER (single bone) 7. INFERIOR CONCHAE (paired) 8. MANDIBLE (single bone)

  37. HYOID BONE NOT A PART OF THE SKULL ONLY BONE THAT DOES NOT ARTICULATE W/ ANOTHER BONE SUSPENDED MID-NECK SERVES AS A MOVABLE BASE FOR THE TONGUE & ATTACHMENT POINT FOR NECK MUSCLES

  38. FETAL SKULL ¼ OF BODY LENGTH (ADULT 1/8) BONES ARE NOT FORMED – HYALINE CARTILAGE FONTANELS-FIBROUS MEMBRANES THAT CONNECT CRANIAL BONES (SOFT SPOTS) 22-24 mos. = BONE

  39. VERTEBRAL COLUMN AXIAL SUPPORT OF THE BODY EXTENDS FROM THE SKULL TO PELVIS BODY WT. IS TRANSMITTED TO LOWER LIMBS 26 IRREGULAR BONES/REINFORCED W/ LIGAMENTS SPINAL CORDS RUNS THROUGH CENTRAL CAVITY

  40. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • PRE-BIRTH=33 SEPARATE VERTEBRAE • 2 FUSED FORM SACRUM & COCCYX • ADULT=24 VERTEBRAE • 7 CERVICAL (NECK) • 12 THORACIC (MIDDLE) • 5 LUMBAR (LOWER BACK)

  41. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • INTEVERTEBRAL DISCS– SEPARATE EACH VERTEBRAE; CUSHION/SHOCK ABSORB • AGING OF DISCS: • YOUNG = 90% WATER/SPONGY/COMPRESSIBLE • OLDER= WATER CONTENT , BECOME HARDER/LESS COMPRESSIBLE

  42. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • HERNIATED DISCS: • DRYING OF DISCS • WEAKENING OF LIGAMENTS • PROTRUDING DISC PRESSES ON SPINAL NERVES->PAIN/NUMBNESS

  43. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • CURVATURES: • PRIMARY-THORACIC & SACRAL REGIONS/ PRESENT @ BIRTH • SECONDARY: OCCUR WHEN WE: • CERVICAL – BABY RAISES H/HER HEAD • LUMBAR – BEGIN TO WALK

  44. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES: • SCOLIOSIS • KYPHOSIS PAGE 132 • LORDOSIS MAY BE CONGENITAL OR RESULT FROM POOR POSTURE, DISEASE, UNEQUAL MUSCLE TONE/PULL

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