Scientific Methodology (COE)

Scientific Methodology(COE)

Multiple Choice An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. • Science • Observation • Conclusion • Manipulated variable

True or False The goals of science are to give explanations for natural events, to understand patterns, and to make predictions. True

Multiple Choice A logical conclusion based on evidence or what is already known. • Manipulated variable • Inference • Theory • Data

True or False Science almost always proves things in absolute terms. False Science rarely proves things in absolute terms.

Fill in the Blank Experiments with multiple trials that include large sample sizes that are randomly selected help reduce sources of __________. error

Multiple Choice The act of noticing and describing what is happening in an orderly way. • Conclusion • Controlled variable • Observation • Bias

True or False Scientists often define “scientific uncertainty” as being 95% sure that cause and effect have been correctly identified. True

Multiple Choice A scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested. • Conclusion • Peer Review • Skepticism • Hypothesis

Multiple Choice A statement of how the responding variable will change in response to changes in the manipulated variable. • Prediction • Observation • Validity • Reliability

Multiple Choice An experiment in which only one variable is changed. • Procedure or process • Protocol • Controlled experiment • Analytic investigation

Multiple Choice The result or consequence of an action, influence, or casual event. • Effect • Selection • Inference • Cause

Multiple Choice The factor of a system being investigated that is changed to determine that factor’s relationship to the responding variable. • Prediction • Control group • Controlled variable • Manipulated variable

Multiple Choice Mistakes of perception, measurement, or process during an investigation; an incorrect result or discrepancy. • Cause • Observation • Inference • Error

Multiple Choice Observations, measurements, or data collected through established and recognized scientific processes. • Evidence • Hypotheses • Theories • Consequences

True or False Controlled experiments typically involve testing two or more variables at a time. False Controlled experiments involve testing only one variable at a time.

Sam wanted to see how exposure to sunlight affects how easily a plant’s leaves would rip. In Sam’s experiment on leaf toughness, the leaf’s exposure to sunlight is the ____________ variable and how easily the leaf ripped is the ___________ variable . Fill in the Blank manipulated responding

Multiple Choice The factor of a system being investigated that changes in response to the manipulated variable and is measured. • Quantitative data • Responding variable • Controlled variable • Qualitative data

Same built a simple device that clips on a leaf to test its toughness. He then counts how many pennies he must add to the cup before the leaf rips. He calls his device a rip-o-meter. Placing the rip-o-meter’s binder clip in the same position on each leaf tested is an example of a controlled variable. True or False True

Fill in the Blank Comparing the toughness of leaves as a function of branch position was best graphed using a ___________________ chart. Scatter plot

Multiple Choice The conditions that are kept the same from trial to trial in a laboratory investigation. • Controlled variables • Responding variable • Manipulated variable • Quantitative data

Fill in the Blank concluded Sam __________ from the data that his hypothesis, which stated that leaves exposed to sunlight would be tougher to rip than younger leaves, was not supported by the evidence.

Multiple Choice An investigation under which the conditions for a phenomenon to occur are arranged beforehand by the investigator. • Variable • Experiment • Trial • Effect

True or False A strong correlation implies causation. False Remember the example about shoe size and math ability among children showing a strong correlation, but certainly no causation.

Draw a Graph Draw a scatterplot graph that shows a strong correlation between two variables.

Multiple Choice The part of a controlled experiment that is treated the same as the experimental set-up except for one manipulated variable. • Qualitative data • Conclusion • Control group • Observations

Multiple Choice Records of experimental observations. • Inferences • Bias • Experimental group • Data

Draw a Graph Draw a scatterplot graph that shows little or no correlation between two variables.

Multiple Choice Data that consists of numbers that are found by measuring or counting. • Variables • Qualitative • Quantitative • Sources of Error

Multiple Choice Data that consists of descriptions because they cannot be counted. • Variables • Qualitative • Quantitative • Measurements

Draw a Graph Draw a plot of averages with error bars showing a significant difference between two sets of data.

Multiple Choice An agent or condition that could cause a change. • Factor • Observation • Effect • Hypothesis

Multiple Choice An attribute of an investigation that describes the degree of confidence that data collected and logical inferences are accurate representations of the phenomena being investigated. • Theory • Control • Validity • Hypothesis

Short Answer List three ways to make an experiment more valid. • Make sure that the relationship between cause and effect is reasonable. • Test only one variable at a time. • Use a control as a comparison. • Control bias.

Multiple Choice Repetitions of data collection procedures in an investigation . • Trials • Quantitative data • Inferences • Experimental group

Multiple Choice The attitude in scientific thinking that emphasizes that no fact or principle can be known with complete certainty; the view that all knowledge is uncertain. • Open-mindedness • Skepticism • Bias • Conclusions

Draw a Graph Draw a plot of averages with error bars showing no significant difference between two sets of data.

Multiple Choice An attribute of any investigation that promotes consistency of results during repeated trials. • Inferences • Bias • Variability • Reliability

Short Answer List three ways to make an experiment more reliable. • Use a large sample size. • Randomly select the samples • Perform multiple trials. • Increase time over which measurements are taken.

Fill in the Blank bias A _____ is a certain preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific. Bias in weight loss advertisement

Multiple Choice Any changed or changing factor used to test a hypothesis or prediction in and investigation that could affect the results. • Variable • Data set • Inference • Hypothesis

Multiple Choice A well-tested explanation that accounts for a lot of observations and hypotheses and that lets scientists make good predictions. • Hypothesis • Evidence • Theory • Observations

Multiple Choice A summary of how the results of a scientific investigation support or contradict the original hypothesis. This statement also evaluates the experimental procedure and its effectiveness. • Conclusion • Theory • Procedure • Predictions

Scientific Methodology (COE)