1. Beyond DHTML So far we have seen and used: CGI programs (using Perl ) and SSI on server side Java Script, VB Script, CSS and DOM on client side. For some applications involving animations and graphics scripting languages are not powerful enough. Other technologies are used in such cases. Java Applets. COM objects.

2. Java Applets Can be considered as a software component that can be embedded into an HTML page. An applet cannot run independently. Needs an applet viewer or a web page to call it. A file compiled to byte code (.class extension) contains the applet on the server and is downloaded by the browser along with HTML page to run on the local machine Security Issues Java virtual machine Applet example.

3. Component Object Model (COM) Objects Microsoft technology Provides a specification and infrastructure for use of compiled ActiveX components. Each component is designed to provide specific functionality and can be reused many times. An ActiveX control is an object that supports a customizable, programmatic interface. Using the methods, events, and properties exposed by a control, Web authors can automate their HTML pages. Examples of ActiveX Controls include text boxes, command buttons, audio players, video players, stock tickers, and so on. You can develop ActiveX Controls using Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual C++, and Java. Security Issues

4. ActiveX Data objects for Database connectivity ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) driver is a low level program that translates messages from an application into the syntax expected by a specific database. Each different type of database (access, Oracle, Db2, etc) requires a different ODBC driver. Applications that need to access databases have to be able to communicate with ODBC drivers. To simplify this communication Microsoft has developed some COM objects: Data Access Object (DAO) - does not support queries that change the content in some databases. Remote Data Object (RDO) -is full-featured but only available in Microsoft high-end programming environments. ActiveX Data Object (ADO) - is full featured and available in most Microsoft environments.

5. DAO RDO ADO Access Oracle DB2 Microsoft Data Access Architecture using ODBC Application Data Objects ODBC Drivers Database

6. Beyond DHTML DHTML along with CGI scripting works well for most applications but more complex applications need additional technologies. Consider a scenario: An HTML page has a form that asks the user to input mailing address. In order to make the page look dynamic we want the postal code field be filled automatically when the user fills in the street and city fields. Last Name: First Name: Street Address: City: Postal Code:

7. Beyond DHTML How to achieve the functionality described in previous slide? 1. Send form contents to server w/o postal code. Server has complete list of postal codes in the country. It finds the correct postal code and creates a new page with a form containing all data including postal code, sends it to browser where it is displayed. Additional effort, time, annoying wait for user. 2. When the first page is sent by the server the entire file containing complete list of postal codes in the country is also sent to the browser. Now browser can look into the list locally and update the relevant field in the form. Long download time, heavy network traffic. A more efficient solution is to use Distributed Objects.

8. Distributed Objects Remote procedure call (RPC) A process on client machine can execute a procedure that exists on the server and get the results back. Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Based on Java Remote Method Protocol (JRMP). An object on a client machine can invoke a method of an object that exists on the server machine and get results. Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Is a specification from Object Management Group (OMG) governing the remote communication between objects. Implementations from many vendors. Interoperability. Uses Object Request Broker (ORB) that handles requests and responses from / to different objects.

9. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) A process on client machine can execute a procedure that exists on the server and get the results back.

10. RMI (Remote Method Invocation) Based on Java Remote Method Protocol (JRMP). An object on a client machine can invoke a method of an object that exists on the server machine and get results. Client Object Server Object Skeletons Stubs RMI Infrastructure JRMP/IIOP transport layer

11. Web Server with HTML pages Client Browser HTTP Application Server Remote Object HTML Applet Stub RMI Infrastructure Skeleton Applet using RMI

12. Client Object Implementations Request CORBA(Common Object Request Broker Architecture) Is a specification from Object Management Group (OMG) governing the remote communication between objects. Implementations from many vendors. Interoperability. Uses Object Request Broker (ORB) that handles requests and responses from / to different objects. ORB

13. Web Server with HTML pages Client Browser HTTP Application Server Remote Object HTML Applet ORB Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP) ORB Use of CORBA in Web Application

14. Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) Microsoft’s solution to distributed objects is to use COM objects by suitably deploying and registering them. COM objects are assigned a special class identifier (CLSID). Clients wanting instances of a particular COM request them with CLSID from the operating system. When a client machine supports DCOM, it is possible to locate these objects on a remote server. A module called “Service control manager” SCM has the responsibility to locate the objects.

15. DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) Server Client Client Proxy Stub Component SCM DCOM network protocol SCM